心理学Psycholog英文版(10-思维和语言)汇总课件.ppt
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1、Myers Myers PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Chapter 10Thinking and Language Thinking Cognition mental activities associated with thinking,knowing,remembering,and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study these mental activities concept formation problem solving decision making judgment formationThinking Conc
2、ept mental grouping of similar objects,events,ideas,or people Prototype mental image or best example of a category matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category(as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird,such as a robin)Think
3、ing Algorithm methodical,logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem contrasts with the usually speedierbut also more error-prone-use of heuristicsThinking Heuristicsimple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficientlyusually speedi
4、er than algorithms more error-prone than algorithmsThinkingUnscrambleS P L O Y O C H Y G Algorithm all 907,208 combinations Heuristic throw out all YY combinations other heuristics?Thinking Insight sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem contrasts with strategy-based solution
5、s Confirmation Bias tendency to search for information that confirms ones preconceptions Fixation inability to see a problem from a new perspective impediment to problem solvingThe Matchstick Problem How would you arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles?The Three-Jugs Problem Using ju
6、gs A,B,and C,with the capacities shown,how would you measure out the volumes indicated?The Candle-Mounting Problem Using these materials,how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board?Thinking Mental Settendency to approach a problem in a particular wayespecially a way that has been successful i
7、n the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problemThinkingFunctional Fixednesstendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functionsimpediment to problem solvingThe Matchstick Problem Solution to the matchstick problemThe Three-Jugs Problem Solution:a)All seven problems ca
8、n be solved by the equation shown in(a):B-A-2C=desired volume.b)But simpler solutions exist for problems 6 and 7,such as A-C for problem 6.The Candle-Mounting Problem Solving this problem requires recognizing that a box need not always serve as a containerHeuristics Representativeness Heuristic judg
9、ing the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent,or match,particular prototypes may lead one to ignore other relevant informationHeuristics Availability Heuristic estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory if instances come readily to mind(perha
10、ps because of their vividness),we presume such events are common Example:airplane crashThinking Overconfidence tendency to be more confident than correct tendency to overestimate the accuracy of ones beliefs and judgmentsThinking Framingthe way an issue is posedhow an issue is framed can significant
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