宏观经济政策的五个争论问题课件.ppt
- 【下载声明】
1. 本站全部试题类文档,若标题没写含答案,则无答案;标题注明含答案的文档,主观题也可能无答案。请谨慎下单,一旦售出,不予退换。
2. 本站全部PPT文档均不含视频和音频,PPT中出现的音频或视频标识(或文字)仅表示流程,实际无音频或视频文件。请谨慎下单,一旦售出,不予退换。
3. 本页资料《宏观经济政策的五个争论问题课件.ppt》由用户(晟晟文业)主动上传,其收益全归该用户。163文库仅提供信息存储空间,仅对该用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对上传内容本身不做任何修改或编辑。 若此文所含内容侵犯了您的版权或隐私,请立即通知163文库(点击联系客服),我们立即给予删除!
4. 请根据预览情况,自愿下载本文。本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
5. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007及以上版本和PDF阅读器,压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 宏观经济政策 五个 争论 问题 课件
- 资源描述:
-
1、Copyright 2004 South-WesternFive Debates Over Macroeconomic Policy 宏观经济政策宏观经济政策的五个争论问题的五个争论问题Copyright 2004 South-WesternFive Debates over Macroeconomic Policy1.Should monetary and fiscal policymakers try to stabilize the economy?货币和财政政策制定者是否应该试图去稳定经济?2.Should monetary policy be made by rule rather
2、than by discretion?货币政策应该依据规则还是随意指定?3.Should the central bank aim for zero inflation?央行的目标是否应该是零通胀?4.Should the government balance its budget?政府是否应该收支平衡?5.Should the tax laws be reformed to encourage saving?税法是否需要改革,使其刺激储蓄?Copyright 2004 South-Western1.Should monetary and fiscal policymakers try to
3、stabilize the economy?Copyright 2004 South-WesternPro:Policymakers should try to stabilize the economy The economy is inherently unstable,and left on its own will fluctuate.经济本身不稳定,放任不管会导致其波动。Policy can manage aggregate demand in order to offset this inherent instability and reduce the severity of e
4、conomic fluctuations.为了消除不稳定性和严重的经济波动,政策可以管理总需求 There is no reason for society to suffer through the booms and busts of the business cycle.社会没有理由在商业周期的顶峰和低谷中蒙受损失。Copyright 2004 South-WesternCon:Policymakers should not try to stabilize the economy Monetary policy affects the economy with long and unp
5、redictable lags between the need to act and the time that it takes for these policies to work.长期的和不可预见的滞后性 Many studies indicate that changes in monetary policy have little effect on aggregate demand until about six months after the change is made.很多研究说明货币政策的变化对总需求几乎没有影响Copyright 2004 South-WesternC
6、on:Policymakers should not try to stabilize the economy Fiscal policy works with a lag because of the long political process that governs changes in spending and taxes.政策制定是一个政治过程 It can take years to propose,pass,and implement a major change in fiscal policy.执行问题Copyright 2004 South-WesternCon:Poli
7、cymakers should not try to stabilize the economy All too often policymakers can inadvertently exacerbate rather than mitigate the magnitude of economic fluctuations.政策制定者经常无意中恶化而不是减轻经济波动程度。It might be desirable if policy makers could eliminate all economic fluctuations,but this is not a realistic go
8、al.如果政策制定者可以消除所有的经济波动,这可能是好的,但是这不是一个现实的目标。Copyright 2004 South-Western2.Should monetary policy be made by rule rather than by discretion?Copyright 2004 South-WesternPro:Monetary policy should be made by rule Discretionary monetary policy can suffer from incompetence and abuse of power.权力的无能和滥用 To th
9、e extent that central bankers ally themselves with politicians,discretionary policy can lead to economic fluctuations that reflect the electoral calendarthe political business cycle.政治经济周期Copyright 2004 South-WesternPro:Monetary policy should be made by rule There may be a discrepancy between what p
10、olicymakers say they will do and what they actually docalled time inconsistency of policy.政策的时间不一致 Because policymakers are so often time inconsistent,people are skeptical when central bankers announce their intentions to reduce the rate of inflation.因为政策制定者经常呈现时间不一致的特点,当央行宣布降低通胀率时人们会表示怀疑。Copyright
11、2004 South-WesternPro:Monetary policy should be made by rule Committing CB to a moderate and steady growth of the money supply would limit incompetence,abuse of power,and time inconsistency.央行应该相对独立,比如美联储;货币政策应该按规则行事Copyright 2004 South-WesternCon:Monetary policy should not be made by rule An import
12、ant advantage of discretionary monetary policy is its flexibility.灵活性 Inflexible policies will limit the ability of policymakers to respond to changing economic circumstances.不灵活的政策会限制政策制定者对变化的经济环境的反应能力。Copyright 2004 South-WesternCon:Monetary policy should not be made by rule The alleged problems w
13、ith discretion and abuse of power are largely hypothetical.所谓随意性和滥用权力的问题很大程度是人为假设的。Also,the importance of the political business cycle is far from clear.同时,政治商业循环的重要性并不明晰。Copyright 2004 South-Western3.Should the central bank aim for zero inflation?Copyright 2004 South-WesternPro:The central bank sho
14、uld aim for zero inflation 通货膨胀会给社会带来各种成本。Reducing inflation is a policy with temporary costs and permanent benefits.反通胀暂时有成本但长期受益 Once the disinflationary recession is over,the benefits of zero inflation would persist.反通胀所引发的衰退是暂时的,一旦结束,零通胀的好处就会持久。Copyright 2004 South-WesternCon:The central bank sh
15、ould not aim for zero inflation Zero inflation is probably unattainable,and to get there involves output,unemployment,and social costs that are too high.零通胀几乎做不到,即使做到,付出的代价也会太大。通胀的很多成本被高估,比如皮鞋成本、菜单成本等。Policymakers can reduce many of the costs of inflation without actually reducing inflation.实际上可以不降低
16、通胀,但同时减少诸多通胀的成本Copyright 2004 South-Western4.Should fiscal policymakers reduce the government debt?Copyright 2004 South-WesternPro:The government should balance its budget Budget deficits impose an unjustifiable burden on future generations by raising their taxes and lowering their incomes.代际矛盾 李嘉图等
17、价定理(Ricardian Equivalence Theorem)认为,征税和政府借款在逻辑上是相同的。巴罗(Robert Barro)在其1974年发表地政府债券是净财富吗?一文中,用现代经济学理论对李嘉图的上述思想进行重新阐述。这一术语,最早出现在1976年詹姆斯布坎南(James Buchanan)发表的题为巴罗的论李嘉图等价定理的评论中。Copyright 2004 South-WesternPro:The government should balance its budget Deficits reduce national saving,leading to a smaller
18、 stock of capital,which reduces productivity and growth.赤字减少了国民储蓄,导致了较小的资本存量,从而降低了生产力和增长。Copyright 2004 South-WesternCon:The government should not balance its budget The problem with the deficit is often exaggerated.赤字问题经常被放大。The transfer of debt to the future may be justified because some governmen
19、t purchases produce benefits well into the future.公债可能导致未来税负增加,但其公共支出也可以使未来受益。Copyright 2004 South-WesternCon:The government should not balance its budget The government debt can continue to rise because population growth and technological progress increase the nations ability to pay the interest on
展开阅读全文