婴幼儿喘息的长期管理课件.ppt
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- 婴幼儿 喘息 长期 管理 课件
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1、婴幼儿喘息的长期管理 婴幼儿喘息发病率高 喘息在婴幼儿中是相当常见的,大约2530%的婴儿发生过至少一次喘息 而到三岁之前发生过喘息的比例则大约为40%原因复杂 Lisa NW.The diagnosis of Wheezing in children.Am Fam Physician,2008,8(77):1109-1114 婴幼儿喘息的常见病因 常见病因常见病因 少见病因少见病因罕见病因罕见病因 哮喘或反应性气道病 支管肺发育不良闭塞性细支气管炎 胃食管反流 气道异物吸入先天性血管发育异常感染:毛细支气管炎、支气管肺炎、上呼吸道感染充血性心力衰竭囊性纤维化、免疫缺陷病纵膈肿瘤、原发性纤毛运
2、动障碍气管、支气管发育异常Lisa NW.The diagnosis of Wheezing in children.Am Fam Physician,2008,8(77):1109-1114恶性肿瘤、声带功能障碍 婴幼儿喘息的鉴别诊断 在诊断婴幼儿喘息时应特别注意鉴别胃食管反流、支气管异物、气管、支气管发育异常等具有喘息、气促或胸闷的疾病 婴幼儿喘息的鉴别诊断下列特点的小儿应该考虑到先天畸形可能:1.突发或进行加重的喘息或呼吸困难;2.反复或持续喘息,经抗炎或支扩剂治疗无效;3.反复或持续进食困难或呕吐;4.胸片同一部位反复或持续肺炎或肺不张;5.局限性肺气肿、肺不张、纵隔移位原因不明。对这
3、些患儿应该进一步检查包括纤维支气管镜、CT和MRI检查等以明确诊断。张维溪,李昌崇等.先天性呼吸系统畸形234例临床分析.中华儿科杂志,2009,47(6):105-108.婴幼儿喘息的鉴别诊断症状和体征症状和体征可能的诊断可能的诊断进一步评估进一步评估与喂养有关,伴咳嗽和呕吐胃食管反流24hPH监测、钡餐与体位变化相关气管软化、大血管异常血管造影、支气管镜、胸部X线、CT或MRI,心超颈部弯曲后加重,颈部伸展后减轻血管环血管造影、支气管镜、胸部X线、CT或MRI,钡餐伴有复杂呼吸系统疾病囊性纤维化、免疫缺陷纤毛功能监测,免疫功能汗液氯化物检测突发喘鸣伴窒息异物吸入支气管镜Lisa NW.Th
4、e diagnosis of Wheezing in children.Am Fam Physician,2008,8(77):1109-1114 儿童哮喘诊断标准 (中国儿童哮喘指南2008)1.反复发作喘息、咳嗽、气促、胸闷,多与接触变应原、冷 空气、物理、化学性刺激、呼吸道感染及运动等有关;2.发作时在双肺可闻及散在或弥漫性,以呼气相为主的哮鸣 音,呼气相延长;3.支气管舒张剂治疗有显著疗效;4.除外其他疾病所引起的喘息、气促、胸闷或咳嗽。5.临床表现不典型者,行下列试验助诊:有明显哮鸣音者:支气管舒张试验阳性;无哮鸣音者,且FEV1 75%:支气管激发试验阳性。学龄前儿童哮喘的诊断是挑
5、战!学龄前儿童喘息的病因和转归不同;学龄前儿童哮喘的症状多变、不具特异性;肺功能、气道炎症指标不能常规开展;哮喘的诊断主要依赖于症状、家族史和体检;喘息表型(phenotypes)被推荐使用。GLOBAL STRATEGY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF ASTHMA INCHILDREN 5 YEARS AND YOUNGER,2011 年幼儿童喘息的表型Wheezing phenotypesWheezing phenotypesIn the past,two main classifiation of wheezing(called wheezing
6、 phenotypes)were proposedIn the past,two main classifiation of wheezing(called wheezing phenotypes)were proposed1.Symptom-based classifiation.1.Symptom-based classifiation.396396this was based on whether the child had only episodic wheeze(wheezing this was based on whether the child had only episodi
7、c wheeze(wheezing durig discrete time periods,often in association with URTI,with symptom absent between episoders)or durig discrete time periods,often in association with URTI,with symptom absent between episoders)or mutiple-trigger wheeze(episodic whee-zing with symptoms also occuring between thes
8、e episodes,e.g.during mutiple-trigger wheeze(episodic whee-zing with symptoms also occuring between these episodes,e.g.during sleep or with triggers such as activity,laughing,or cryingsleep or with triggers such as activity,laughing,or crying2.Time trend-based classifiation:this system was based on
9、analysis of data from a cohort study.392 It 2.Time trend-based classifiation:this system was based on analysis of data from a cohort study.392 It included treat-sient wheeze(symptoms began and ended before the age of 3 years);Persistent included treat-sient wheeze(symptoms began and ended before the
10、 age of 3 years);Persistent wheeze(symptons began before the age of 3 wheeze(symptons began before the age of 3 years and continued.beyond the age of 6 years and continued.beyond the age of 6 years),and latee-years),and latee-onset wheeze(symptons began afater the age of 3 onset wheeze(symptons bega
11、n afater the age of 3 years)years)以症状为基础的分类以症状为基础的分类以时间为基础的分类以时间为基础的分类GINA 2014 喘息表型(Wheezing phenotype Wheezing phenotype)1.发作性喘息Episodic wheeze Episodic wheeze 间歇性喘息,常有感冒的临床证据,发作间期无喘息 2.多因性喘息Multiple-trigger wheeze Multiple-trigger wheeze 间歇性喘息恶化,但发作间期也有咳喘等症状,夜间(睡眠时)或因活动、哭笑而发生。Brand PL,et al.Eur R
12、espir J,2008;32:1096-110 喘息表型(Wheezing phenotype)1.早期暂时性喘息Transient wheeze 3岁前发生并停止发作,常与早产及父母吸烟有关2.持续喘息 Persistent wheeze 3岁前起病,持续至6岁以后,常与病毒感染(RSV或其它病毒)有关3.迟发性喘息(哮喘)Late-onset wheeze 3岁后开始喘息,这些儿童有典型的特应症背景,往往伴有湿疹,哮喘症状常迁延持续至成人期,气道有典型的哮喘病理特征。Martinez FD,et al.N Engl J Med,1995;332:133-8 婴幼儿喘息的的表型诊断存在困难
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