人体结构与人体构架英文课件.ppt
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1、人体结构与人体构架人体结构与人体构架英文英文ObjectivesWrite the meanings of the word parts presented in this chapter,choose their correct meanings when presented with several answers,and recognize and write the meanings of the word parts when they appear in medical terms.Write the meanings and recognize the definitions o
2、f terms related to directional aspects of the body.Choose the correct definitions for terms presented in this chapter that are related to body structures and write the appropriate terms when presented with their definitions.Match terms related to body fluids with their descriptions and write the ter
3、ms when presented with their definitions.Choose the correct definitions for terms related to body cavities presented in this chapter and write the appropriate terms when presented with their definitions.OUTLINE The anatomic position and reference planes of the body Body cavities Body structures Body
4、 fluids Comprehensive review exercisesThe Anatomic Position and Reference Planes of the Body Anatomic reference systems provide uniformity in regard to descriptions of the body.The anatomic position means that a person is standing erect with the arms at the side and the palms forward.This position i
5、s used as a reference when describing the location or direction of various body structures or parts.The Anatomic Position and Reference Planes of the Body Unless stated otherwise,all descriptions of location or position assume that the body is in the anatomic position.Commit to memory the following
6、terms that relate to various directions of the body.DIRECTIONAL TERMSTermCombining Form MeaningAnterior anter/o nearer to or toward the front;ventralPosteriorposter/onearer to or toward the back;dorsalDIRECTIONAL TERMSTermCombining Form MeaningVentralventr/obelly side;same as anterior surface Dorsal
7、dors/odirected toward or situated on the back side;same as posterior surfaceDIRECTIONAL TERMSTermCombining FormMeaningMedial;median medi/omiddle or nearer the middleLateral later/otoward the side;denoting a position farther from the midline of the body or from a structureDIRECTIONAL TERMSTermCombini
8、ng FormMeaningSuperior super/ouppermost or aboveInferior infer/olowermost or belowDIRECTIONAL TERMSTermCombining FormMeaningProximal proxim/onearest the orgin or point of attachmentDistal dist/ofar or distant from the origin or point of attachmentDIRECTIONAL TERMSTermCombining FormMeaningCephalad ce
9、phal/otoward the headCaudad caud/otoward the tail or in a posterior directionExercise 1Review some of the terms that have been usedto indicate direction.Write a word in each blankto compete the table correctly.(The first one hasbeen done as an example)Combining Form Anatomic TermBasic MeaingAnter/oa
10、nteriorfrontCaud/o_Exercise 1Review some of the terms that have been usedto indicate direction.Write a word in each blankto compete the table correctly.(The first one hasbeen done as an example)Combining Form Anatomic TermBasic MeaingAnter/oanteriorfrontCaud/ocaudaltailExercise 1Combining Form Anato
11、mic TermBasic Meaing Dist/o _ _ Dors/o_ Infer/o_ Later/o _ _Exercise 1Combining Form Anatomic TermBasic Meaing Dist/o distalfar Dors/odorsalback Infer/oinferiorbelow Later/o lateralsideExercise 1Combining Form Anatomic TermBasic Meaing Medi/omedialmiddleormedian Poster/oposteriorbehind Proxim/oproxi
12、malnear Super/osuperiorabove7.Ventr/oventralbellyBody CavitiesThe body has two major cavities,which are spaces within the body that contain internal organs.The two principal body cavities are the dorsal cavity,located near the posterior aspect of the body,and the ventral cavity,located near the ante
13、rior aspect.Both cavities are subdivided as shown.Body CavitiesThe dorsal cavity is divided into the cranial and spinal cavities.The cranial cavity contains the brain and the spinal cavity contains the spinal cord and the beginnings of the spinal nerves.Body CavitiesThe other principal body cavity i
14、s the ventral cavity.Large organs contained in the ventral cavity are called viscera.The ventral cavity is subdivided into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic(abdominal and pelvic)cavity.The muscular diaphragm divides the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.The abdominopelvic cavity can be t
15、hought of as a single cavity or as two cavities,the abdominal and pelvic cavities,although no wall separates them.A membrane called the peritoneum lines the abdominopelvic cavity and invests the internal organs.Peritoneum,like all serous membranes,secretes a lubricating fluid that allows the organs
16、to glide against one another or against the cavity wall.A sticking together of two structures that are normally separated is called an adhesion.Abdominal adhesions are usually caused by inflammation or trauma(injury),and are treated surgically if they cause intestinal obstruction or excessive discom
17、fort.Body Structures The cell is the smallest functional unit of the human body and,in fact,of all organisms.Cells comprise the tissues of the body,which in turn make up organs.Each body system is a group of organs that work together for a specific purpose.The human organism has many body systems.Ma
18、ny body structure will be discussed elsewhere in this book.The following list includes several terms that either do not pertain to a particular body system of may pertain to more than one system.Commit the following list to memory.SELECTED COMBINING FORMS THAT RELATE TO BODY STRUCTURESCombining Form
19、sMeaningAbdomin/oabdomenAcr/oextremities(arms andlegs)Blephar/oeyelidCephal/oheadChir/ohandSELECTED COMBINING FORMS THAT RELATE TO BODY STRUCTURESCombining FormsMeaningCyst/ocyst,bladder,or sacDactyl/o digit(toes,fingers or both)Lapar/oabdominal wallOmphal/oumbilicus(navel)Onych/onailSELECTED COMBIN
20、ING FORMS THAT RELATE TO BODY STRUCTURESCombining FormsMeaningPelv/IpelvisPeriton/operitoneumSom/a,somat/obodyThorac/ochestOrganism(many systems)System(several organs)Organ(several tissues)Tissues(many similar cells)Cells(smallest structural unit)The abdomen is the portion of th body trunk that is l
21、ocated between the chest and the pelvis.Abdomino/centesis(abdomin/o,abdomen,+centesis,surgical puncture),usually called abdominal paracentesis,is a surgical procedure that is performed to remove excess fluids(ascites)from the abdominal cavity or to inject a therapeutic agent.Peritonitis(periton/o,pe
22、ritoneum,+-itis,inflammation)can result if infection microorganisms gain access by way of operative incisions or by the rupture or perforation of viscera or associated structures(as in rupture or perforation of viscera or associated structures(as in rupture of the appendix).Microorganisms can also s
23、pread to the peritoneum fro the blood stream or lymphatic vessels.Incision of the abdominal wall is called laparo/tomy(lapar/o,abdominal wall+-tomy,incision).Laparotomy is another way of saying an abdominal operation.Several surgical procedures involve incision of the abdominal wall,some of which ar
24、e described:Laparocholecystotomy(lapar/o,abdominal wall,+cholecyst/o,gallbladder,+-tomy,incision):incision into the gallbladder though the abdominal wall.Laparocolostomy(lapar/o+col/o,large intestine,+-stomy,new opening):formation of a permanent opening into the colon(large intestine)through the abd
25、ominal wall.Laparocystotomy(lapar/o+cyst/o,cyst,+-tomy):abdominal incision to remove a cyst or an embryo that has implanted outside the uterus(synonym:laparocystectomy)Laparogastrotomy(lapar/o+gastr/o,stomach+-tomy):abdominal incision into the stomachLaparohepatotomy(lapar/o+hepat/o,liver+-tomy):inc
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