(体外膜肺ECMO课件)-Neonatal-Diseases.ppt
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- 体外膜肺ECMO课件 体外 ECMO 课件 Neonatal Diseases
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1、Neonatal DiseasesMODULE EObjectives Identify the key pathophysiologic changes that occur with each disease.Describe the therapeutic intervention needed to treat each of the diseases.Perinatal Diseases and Other Problems with PrematurityRetinopathy of prematurity(ROP)Patent Ductus ArteriosusHypoglyce
2、miaCold StressIntraventricular&Intracerebral hemorrhagingBronchopulmonary dysplasiaWilson Mikity SyndromeApnea of prematurityNecrotizing enterocolitisRDSRetinopathy of Prematurity(ROP)Formerly known as Retrolental Fibroplasia(RLF).Initially described in 1940/1950s following increased incidence of bl
3、indness with babies in incubators.Incidence today:25 to 35%of preemies up to 35 weeksPhysiology of the Developing Eye Capillaries of retina begin branching at 16 weeks.End of pseudoglandular period.Capillaries begin at optic nerve and grow anteriorly toward the ora serrata which is the anterior end
4、of the retina.Growth is not complete until 40 weeks.Premature infants dont have complete growth.As the capillary network expands,arteries and veins form in its path.ROP is the failure of this network to develop.Oxygen and ROP In the presence of high PaO2,the retinal vessels constrict.Prolonged expos
5、ure to high PaO2 will lead to necrosis of the vessels(vaso-obliteration).The body attempts to correct for this by over perfusing the“good”arteries,which leads to hemorrhage in the vitreous.This hemorrhage leads to scar tissue development and blindness.Stages and Zones of ROP 5 stages,with 5 having t
6、he retina completely detached.Three Zones of the eye(zone 1 is the worst)RDS -Respiratory Distress Syndrome aka:IRDS or Hyaline Membrane Disease Associated with lung immaturity and a deficiency in surfactant production.Immaturity of other organ systems.Decreased Compliance&increased WOB.Severe hypox
7、emia may result in multiple organ failure.May be associated with PPHN(PFC)or PDA.RDS -Respiratory Distress Syndrome Symptoms worsen for first 48-72 hours.Stabilization Slow recovery With progression of the disease,scar tissue replaces the normal alveolar tissue.Hyaline MembraneClinical Signs History
8、 of prematurity f above 60/min Grunting Retractions Flaring of nostrils Cyanosis Severe hypoxemia on blood gases Hypothermia&flaccid muscle toneX-ray Findings Diffuse“White-out”(Radiopaque)Atelectasis Air bronchograms Reticulogranular Pattern“Fishing net”Ground Glass AppearanceTreatment Attempt to a
9、ccelerate lung maturity by pharmacological means.Steroids Tocolysis:Delay labor with b b-Adrenergic Agents(Terbutaline)ThermoregulationTreatment Artificial Surfactant CPAP or mechanical ventilation High Frequency Ventilation ECMORecovery Phase Complications ROP Bronchopulmonary dysplasia Chronic lun
10、g disease(COPD for Neonates)Intraventricular hemorrhage Brain dysfunction Necrotizing Enterocolitis Intrapulmonary Hemorrhage Full Recovery Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Other Name Neonatal Chronic Lung Disease(NCLD)Progressive chronic lung disease that presents with persistent respiratory problems at
11、28 days or later,radiographic changes and oxygen dependencyBronchopulmonary Dysplasia Criteria Preterm infants Prolonged oxygen concentrations(O2 toxicity)Positive pressure ventilation(barotrauma)Patent ductus arteriosus(PDA)Time exposure to oxygen and positive pressure MalnutritionBronchopulmonary
12、Dysplasia Not all babies with RDS develop BPD.Pattern begins to unfold within the first 3-4 days of life that places a neonate at high risk of developing BPD.Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Lung Pathology Mucosal hyperplasia of small airways.Destruction of type I cells.Inflammation and destruction of alv
13、eoli and capillary bed.Lungs are cystic in some areas and atelectatic in others.Chest X-Ray Radiology“Honeycomb”appearance Diaphragms are flattened Cystic appear(hyperlucent)Atelectasis(radiopaque)HMD to BPD 3 HourHMD to BPD Day 13HMD to BPD Day 19HMD to BPD 3 MonthsClinical PresentationTachypneaRet
14、ractionsMucous pluggingHyperinflation of chest barrel chestCyanotic spellsPoor ABGWheezingInadequate growthIncreased WOB Increased oxygen consumptionPulmonary hypertension and Cor PulmonaleGoals of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Prevention of BPD.Provide enough calories to support growth.Wean slowly off
15、 oxygen.Limit peak inspiratory pressures on ventilator.CPAP or HFV Keep FiO2 levels as low as possible.May need to keep PaO2 levels lower.Complications of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Gastroesophageal reflux and feeding intolerance leads to aspiration.Decreased Ca and phosphorus(bone fractures.Loss si
16、ght or hearing(ROP).Chronic infections.Pneumothorax.Cerebral palsy.Limit Fluid intake develop pulmonary edema.Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Death is usually due to:Cor Pulmonale Infection Sudden DeathDischarge of patients with BPD Home Care Oxygen&CPT Mechanical ventilators Medications Diuretics or car
17、diac meds Special Attention to nutritional needs Frequent re-admissions back into the hospital.Necrotizing Enterocolitis(NEC)Injury to the intestinal mucosa due to hypoperfusion,hypoxia or hyperosmolar feedings.The mucosa cannot secrete the protective layer of mucus and it becomes vulnerable to bact
18、erial invasion.Intestinal ischemia may result in necrosis and gangrene of the intestine.Complication of RDS.Highest incidence in lowest birth weight infants.Necrotizing Enterocolitis(NEC)Intestinal dilation(distended loops of intestine with gas).Gastric ileus(obstruction)Abdominal distention.Rectal
19、bleeding Bloody stool Feeding is difficult.Treatment Stop feedings.Nasogastric Suctioning Hyperalimentation IV.Antibiotics.20%require surgery.Intraventricular Hemorrhage(IVH)Premature infants and low birth weight infants are the greatest risk.Diagnosed by ultrasound or CT scan.Seen with increased in
20、cidence in children of alcoholic mothers.4 grades of IVH.Grade 1-Bleeding occurs just in a small area of the ventricles.Grade 2-Bleeding also occurs inside the ventricles.Grade 3-Ventricles are enlarged by the blood.Grade 4-Bleeding into the brain tissues around the ventricles.Etiology And History o
21、f IVHGrades of IVHIVH Treatment Prevent Occurrence SupportiveWilson-Mikity Syndrome Seen in premature and LBW infants.Less than 1500 grams at birth.“Emphysema”of little babies.Lung immaturity with rupture of the alveolar septa.Similar to BPD except babies have not been ventilated.Treatment is suppor
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