education-英美国家概况-教学课件.ppt

1、Education in BritainI.Reform in Schools From Tripartite System.It was not until the Education Act in 1944 that all children were given the right to free secondary(middle school)education.A“tripartite”system of secondary modern,technical and grammar schools selected 11 year-old children at the end of

2、 their primary education by means of an exam(eleven plus).Streaming-Top 20%attended grammar schools;universities;professionals and managers-Secondary moderns&technical schools dealt with more practical subjects;manual workers&skilled workers respectively.To Comprehensive System.In the 1950s-the trip

3、artite system:not ensure equal educational opportunities or a meritocracy.In the 1960s-Comprehensive schools were introduced with the idea that pupils should not be selected&streamed at such an early age.In the 1980s:85%II.Schooling in the UK1.Two types of SchoolsState Schools:These are totally fund

4、ed by the government and are free to all British children.Independent(Private)Schools:These are funded by the fees charged to the parents.About 8%of British children attend Independent SchoolsRegulations do not permit international students to attend State Schools they must attend Independent School

5、sState Schools in Britain Under the old system:Grammar schools,secondary moderns,and technicals New system:comprehensive schoolsIndependent:private Experimental schoolsPublic schools:16th and 17th centuries-Harrow,Eton,Winchester and Marlborough-Leading figures in British political,commercial and mi

6、litary life2.School EducationSchooling is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16 years:total of 11 years-Soon to be extended to 18;Students follow the National Curriculum;There is no requirement to graduate;Those wishing to gain entry to university must complete an additional two years of A Level s

7、tudies.3.The Academic YearThe Academic Year in British Schools and Colleges is divided into three terms:Term 1:September to DecemberTerm 2:January to MarchTerm 3:April to JulyThere are short holidays at the mid-point of each term and longer holidays between terms.4.The CurriculumAll British schools-

8、State&Independent are required to follow the National Curriculum guide-lines set down by the government.Standard Achievement Tests(SATs)are administered at 7,11 and 14 years to assess each students progress.Generally,Independent Schools provide a broader curriculum than that required by lawIII.Basic

9、 Structure of British Education SystemPre-school educationPrimary schoolSecondary schoolUniversity,colleges of higher educationColleges of further education1.Pre-school EducationCompulsory schooling:every child in Britain must by law receive full-time education from the age of 5 to 16.Children begin

10、 their education in the State system at the age of 5;some lucky children may attend Nursery schools(kindergartens)from 3 to 5,but most start their basic education in an Infants(the infants department of a junior school)or First School.2.Primary SchoolMost primary schools are co-educational (boys&gir

11、ls are taught together),usually with a class teacher system,giving young children a sustained contact with one teacher.Primary School SubjectsOne teacher teaches:ArtAnalysisDramaEnglishGeographyHistoryMathematicsScottish Gaelic(in Scotland)3.Secondary SchoolCompulsory education extends up to 16 year

12、s.Comprehensive schools are mostly mixed sex&cater for a mixed range of abilities.Their students come from a range of social classesðnic backgrounds.Students are often streamed into different ability groups.Some think this undermines the principles of comprehensive education.National Examinations

13、GCSE(中等教育普通中等教育普通证书证书):The main examination that all students should take at 16 is the General Certificate of Secondary Education(GCSE).A two year course taken in Years/Grades 10&11.English,Mathematics and Science are compulsory subjects.A-Level(进阶级课进阶级课程程):Some students continue in the same school

14、for a further 2 years of study leading to the examination of the General Certificate of Education,Advanced level(GCE A level).Usually 3 or 4 academic subjects are studied&1 general studies paper.This is the main examination required for university entrance.A two year pre-university course taken in Y

15、ears 12&13.The GCSE CourseGCSE Examinations take place during May and June against a National time-tableThe results of the GCSE Examinations are published in AugustSuccessful candidates are graded from A*to FStudents wishing to proceed to the A-level course must achieve a minimum of 5 passes at Grad

16、e C or above.The A-Level CourseIn most subjects,students must complete assignments or modules during the course:the marks from these contribute to the final gradeThe A-Level examinations take place during May and June and the results are published in AugustSuccessful candidates are graded from A to

17、FPlaces at British Universities are allocated on the basis of a students A-level results.The High School CurriculumAgeCurriculum11 14 YearsGeneral programme of education14 16 YearsGCSE Course:8/10 subjectsCompulsory&optional subjects16 YearsGCSE Examination 16 18 YearsA-Level Course:3/4 subjectsStud

18、ents choose the subjects they wish to study18 YearsA-Level Examination Secondary School SubjectsMathematicsScienceTechnology and designInformation TechnologyEnglishModern Languages(French,German,Spanish)GeographyHistorySocial EducationReligionCookingMusicPhysical educationGreek and Latin(grammar and

19、 independent schools)4.Higher EducationBritish universities can be divided roughly into 3 main groups:the old universities;the Redbrick universities;the new universities.The old universities:those founded before 1600.Oxford&Cambridge are the oldest ones,dating from 1249&1284.Until the 19th century,t

20、hey are the only 2 universities in England.St Andrews and Glasgow(15th);Edinburgh(16th)The Redbrick universities:include all the provincial universities of the period 1850-1930,as well as London University.They are so called because they were all built in the favorite building material of the period

21、-red brick.Birmingham,Leicester,Liverpool and Sheffield The new universities:those founded since the 2nd world war(in the 1960s).They have their own independent and modern approaches to teaching;in rural area;Bath,Essex,Surrey,Sussex and East Anglia.Once vocational polytechnics,given university stat

22、us in 1992,including Greenwich,Thames Valley,Manchester Metropolitan,and West of England.Degrees:BA(Bachelor of Arts)or BSc(Bachelor of Science);MA(Master of Arts)or MSc(Master of Science);Ph.D.(Doctor of Philosophy).Oxford University Oxford CampusOxford by NightStudents at CambridgeKings Chapel at

23、Cambridge5.Colleges of Further EducationPolytechnics:study centers that offer a wide range of full-time or part-time courses for students of all ages(usually over 18)&at all levels of higher education.Courses lead to diplomas,or to degrees.Adult Education:vocational or recreational courses provided

24、mainly by local authorities,the Workers Educational Association&by the extramural departments of universities&colleges.Part-time Education:workers take specialist courses in their particular skill&work for a diploma.Or they just study general subjects.VocationalismYouth Training Scheme(YTS)Day-relea

25、se or in the evenings 6.Open UniversityThe Open University-non-residential university offering degree&other courses for adult students of all ages.-specially printed texts,correspondence tuition,TV&radio broadcast,audio&visual cassettes.-a network of study centers for contact with part-time counselo

26、rs&fellow students.-No formal academic qualifications are required to register for most courses,but standards of the Universitys degrees are the same as those of other universities.History(background&origin):in 1963 the leader of the Labor Party made a speech outlining plans for a university of the air-an educational system which would make use of TV,radio&correspondence courses.Purpose:to give educational opportunity to those people who,for one reason or another,had not had a chance to receive further education.Thanks