高分子物理Introduction-2-课件.ppt

1、 徐君庭徐君庭高分子大楼419;87953164xujtzju.edu 沈烈沈烈高分子大楼310;87953712 shenliezju.edu 方征平，宋义虎，沈烈方征平，宋义虎，沈烈高分子物理高分子物理(Polymer Physics)浙江大学出版社浙江大学出版社,杭州杭州,2019 何曼君，陈维孝，董西侠何曼君，陈维孝，董西侠高分子物理高分子物理(修订版修订版)复旦大学出版社，上海，复旦大学出版社，上海，1990 金日光，华幼卿金日光，华幼卿高分子物理高分子物理(第二版第二版)化学工业出版社，北京，化学工业出版社，北京，2000 L.H.SperlingIntroduction to P

2、hysical Polymer Science P.J.FloryPricinples of Polymer Chemistry 网络课件地址：网络课件地址：polymer.zju.edu/polymerphysics/或 jpkc.zju.edu:8080/ka/index.htm 省级精品课程(2009年)电子教案电子教案实验教学实验教学特色教学特色教学学习资料学习资料概念图解(完善中，欢迎同学参加！完善中，欢迎同学参加！)教学课件名词解释教学大纲实验内容实验仪器教学研究学生作业习题 Polymers are long-chain molecules of very high molecu

3、lar weight,often measured in the hundreds of thousands 高分子是由成千上万个结构单元以共价键重复连接而成的长链分子Macromolecular Hypothesis(1920)The origin of modern polymer scienceHerman Herman StaudingerStaudinger1953 Nobel prize awarder Polymer,or Macromolecule large molecule consisting of repeating smaller units(called monom

4、er).e.g.(poly=many;mer=unit)Polymer 聚合物 Macromolecule 大分子 High Polymer 高聚物 Monomer 单体 Molecule 小分子 Oligomer 齐(低)聚物Classification of synthetic polymers Classification according to:Physical structureThermal behaviour Use Preparation methodPhysical StructureLinear polymers may be represented by a chain

5、 with two ends.Branched polymers have side chains,or branches,of significant length which are bonded to the main chain at branch points,and are characterized in terms of the number and size of the branches.Polymers with well-controlled modes of branching:comblike polymers,star polymers,dendrimers,et

6、c.Network polymers have three-dimensional structures in which each chain is connected to all others,and are characterized by their crosslinking density or degree of crosslinking(number of junction points per unit volume).short branching polymercomblike polymerstar polymerdendrimer hyperbranch polyme

7、rcore1st generation2nd generation3rd generationThermal BehaviorThermosetsRigid materials and network polymers in which chain motion is greatly restricted by a high degree of crosslinking.Intractable once formed.Degrade rather than melt upon heating.Thermoplastics(plastics)Linear or branched polymers

8、 which can be melted upon the application of heat.(Largest proportion of the polymers used in industry.)Crystalline polymersInvariably do not form perfect crystalline materials but instead are semicrystalline with both crystalline and amorphous regions.The crystalline phase of such polymers are char

9、acterized by their melting temperature(Tm).Amorphous polymersCharacterized by their glass transition temperature(Tg),the temperature at which they transform abruptly from the glass state(hard)to the rubbery state(soft).This transition corresponds to the onset of motion of chain segments.Plastics 塑料

10、Rubber 橡胶 Fiber 纤维 Adhesive 胶粘剂 Paint 涂料 Leather 皮革 三大合三大合成材料成材料 Photoelectric polymers 光电高分子 Biomedical polymers 生物医用高分子 Conductive polymers 导电高分子 Ion-exchange resins 离子交换树脂 Structural Polymers结构高分子结构高分子Functional Polymers 功能高分子功能高分子Preparation Method 2 types of preparation methods:addition polymer

11、s condensation polymers differences:condensation produces a byproduct,e.g.water condensation polymers often have non-C atoms in backbone chainsAddition polymers formed by adding many monomer units together through chemical bonds e.g.polyethylene n CH2=CH2 -CH2-CH2-n ethylene monomer Polyethylene Oth

12、er addition polymers:polypropylene,poly(methyl methacrylate),polystyrene,poly(vinyl chloride)Condensation polymers two molecules combine with the formation and loss of another smaller molecule e.g.poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET)CH2CH2OHOHCOCOOCH3CH3OCH3OHCOCOCH2OCH2*O*n PETMethanolTerephthalic aci

13、dEthylene glycolCopolymerStatistical copolymers are copolymers in which the sequential distribution of the repeat units obeys known statistical laws.Random copolymers are a special type of statistical copolymer in which the distribution of repeat units is truly random.-B-A-B-B-A-B-A-A-B-A-B-B-B-A-(F

14、or simplicity,illustration is for copolymers containing only A and B.)Alternating copolymers have only two different types of repeat unit and these are arranged alternately along the polymer chain:-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-Block copolymers are linear copolymers in which the repeat units exit only

15、 in long sequences,or blocks,of the same type.E.g.,AB diblock copolymers-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-B-B-B-B-B-B-B ABA triblock copolymers-A-A-A-A-A-A-B-B-B-B-B-B-A-A-A-A-A-Graft copolymers are branched polymers in which the branches have a different chemical structure to that of the main chain.B-B-B-B-B-B-BB

16、-B B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B B B-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-B B B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B CHHHHHCCHHHHHHCCHHCHHHHHMethaneEthanePropaneNumber of Carbons in ChainState and Properties of MaterialUse,Dependent on Chain Length1-4Simple gasBottled gas for cooking

17、5-11Simple liquidGasoline9-16Medium-viscosity liquidKerosene16-25High-viscosity liquidOil and grease25-50Simple solidParaffin wax candles1000-3000Tough plastic solidPolyethylene bottles and containersHCH2HnPolyethyleneMelting temperatureMolecular weightThe molecular weight-melting temperature relati

18、onship for the alkane serieslog0wMlogcMCritical molecular weight(a)(b)Entanglement of polymer chainsLow molecular weight,no entanglement.(b)High molecular weight,chains are entangled.The transition between the two is often at about 600 backbone chain atoms.High MWstrong intermolecular interactionlar

19、ge number of conformationmultiple motion unitsentanglementviscosity;rheological behavior;mechanical propertiestime(frequency)and temperature dependencestrength;no vapor stateflexibility;elasticitychain folding(in crystal)crystallinity100%高分子与小分子的差别高分子与小分子的差别orientation;no cubic crystal systemanisotr

20、opyPolymer Chemistry 高分子化学高分子化学Polymer Processing 高分子成型加工高分子成型加工Polymer Physics 高分子物理高分子物理StructurePropertiesPrinciples of polymer chemistry(1953)The house of modern polymer scienceP.J.FloryP.J.Flory1974 Nobel prize awarderA.V.TobolskyW.KuhnH.MarkJ.D.FerryP.G.deGennes性能性能 Chain structure 链结构 Aggregate structure 聚集态结构 Polymer solution 高分子溶液 Molecular weights and sizes 分子量和尺寸 Molecular motions and transitions 分子运动与转变 Rubber elasticity 橡胶弹性 Viscoelasticity 粘弹性 Rheology 流变性 Mechanical behavior 力学性能结构结构