英语句子成分讲解课件1.ppt

1、一、介绍与其重要性一、介绍与其重要性l句子是写作的基本单位，只有写好句子才有可能写好文章。英语的句子成分有八种：主语主语、谓语动词、表语、宾语、谓语动词、表语、宾语、定语、状语、主语补足语和宾语补足语。定语、状语、主语补足语和宾语补足语。学会判断句子成分对以后学习难句奠定了基础。英语句子的构成也有其特定的规律，掌握了句子的基本句型、常见句式和词语的习惯搭配，就能写出完整、正确的句子。句子成分与结构句子成分与结构英语的句子成分：英语的句子成分：l一）一）主语：主语：Walls have ears.He will take you to the hospital.Three plus four e

2、quals seven.To see is to believe.Smoking is not allowed in public places.Whether or not they will come depends on the weather.l二）谓语谓语由_担任。助动词或情态动词加其他动词的适当形式也构成谓语动词。Action speaks louder than words.The chance may never come again.Mary has been working at the dress shop since 1994.动词动词/动词短语动词短语名词名词代词代词

3、数词数词to do不定式不定式doing动名词动名词句子句子当当不定式、动名词或从句不定式、动名词或从句在某个句子中作主语在某个句子中作主语时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，因此常用因此常用it作形式主语作形式主语置于置于句首句首，而将真正的，而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时主语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。身无词义。什么情况下用什么情况下用it作形式主语？作形式主语？你能划出下列句子的真正的主语吗你能划出下列句子的真正的主语吗?你懂得翻你懂得翻译下列句子吗？译下列句子吗？1)It is wrong to te

4、ll a lie.()2)It is no use arguing about it.()3)It is uncertain who will come.()说谎是错误的。说谎是错误的。争吵是没用的。争吵是没用的。谁要来还不确定。谁要来还不确定。1.We love China.2.She seems tired.3.He can speak English 4.We have finished reading this book.谓语谓语谓语谓语:说明主语说明主语做什么做什么或或怎么样怎么样。通常由。通常由_ 充当充当.动词常分为实义动词动词常分为实义动词,连系动词连系动词,情态动词和助动词情

5、态动词和助动词.动词动词实义动词实义动词连系动词连系动词情态动词情态动词助动词助动词（V.）情态动词情态动词和和助动词助动词不能单独充当谓语不能单独充当谓语,必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语.They can speak English well.They are playing over there.1）状态状态系动词系动词，用来表示主语状态，只有，用来表示主语状态，只有be （am,is,are,was,were,been,being）一词）一词 He is a teacher.2）持续持续系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或系动词，用来表示主语继续

6、或保持一种状况或态度，主要有态度，主要有keep,remain,stay He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。他开会时总保持沉默。系动词系动词3）表像表像系动词，用来表示系动词，用来表示看起来像看起来像这一概念，主要这一概念，主要有有seem,appear,look,例如：例如：He looks tired.He seems(to be)very sad.4）感官感官系动词，主要有系动词，主要有feel,smell,sound,tasteThis flower smells very sweet.5）变化变化系动词，表示主语变成什么样，主要有系

7、动词，表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,comeHe became mad after that.6）终止终止系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主要有系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turn outThe rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。这谣言证实有假。His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了。他的计划终于成功了。lMy father is a professor.lWhos that?Its me.lEverything here is expensive.lThe matc

8、h became very exciting.lThe story of my life may be of help to others.lThree times five is fifteen.lHis plan is to seek work in the city.lMy first idea was that you should hide your feelings.三）表语表语 它的位置在它的位置在_之后。之后。是用来说明主语的是用来说明主语的_,_,_的的.系动词、连系动词系动词、连系动词性质性质特征特征状态状态名词名词 n代词代词 pron形容词形容词 adjadj介词短语介

9、词短语数词数词to do不定式不定式句子句子（四）宾语（四）宾语 表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。宾语一表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。宾语一般放在般放在_之后。之后。_词后也会跟宾语。词后也会跟宾语。lShe covered her face with her hands.l We havent seen her for a long time.lDo you mind opening the window?l Give me four please.l He wants to dream a nice dream.l We need know what others are doing.l

10、 We should care more about our friends.lShe felt it her duty to take good care of them.It作形式宾语，不定式是真正的宾语作形式宾语，不定式是真正的宾语 动词动词/动词短语动词短语介介名词名词 n代词代词 pron动名词动名词代词和数词代词和数词to do不定式不定式句子句子介词介词+名词名词（五）定语（五）定语 是修饰是修饰_词词.单词作定语时通常放在它所修单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之饰的名词之_；短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰；短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之的名词之_。lThey ar

11、e woman workers.lToms father didnt write home until yesterday.lMary is a beautiful girl.lThe play has three acts.lThis is her first trip to Europe.lChina is a developing country.lI have nothing to eat.lThose who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here.名名前前后后 名词名词名词所有格名词所有格形容词形容词 adj数词数词形容词形

12、容词/序数词序数词/介词短语介词短语现在分词现在分词 doingto do 不定式不定式从句从句六）状语六）状语 状语表示地点、时间、原因、目状语表示地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、的、结果、条件、让步让步、伴随情况等。、伴随情况等。l The best fish swim near the bottom.l I left the village five years ago.l I arrived late because of the traffic jam.l Well send a car to fetch you.l The fish can eat a person in tw

13、o minutes,leaving only bonesl The students came into the classroom,singing and dancing.l If he goes,so will I.l Though he is a child,he knows a lot.地点状语地点状语时间状语时间状语原因状语原因状语目的状语目的状语结果状语结果状语伴随状语伴随状语条件状语条件状语让步状语让步状语七）宾语补足语。七）宾语补足语。英语有些及物动词，除了要有宾语之英语有些及物动词，除了要有宾语之外，还要加上宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。外，还要加上宾语补足语，才能使句子

14、的意义完整。lThey elected me captain of the team.l We try to make our country strong.l We found everything in good order there.l I should advise you to get the chance.l I saw him going upstairs.lThey found the house broken in.名词名词形容词形容词介词短语介词短语to do 不定式不定式现在分词现在分词 doingdone 过去分词过去分词宾语和宾语补足语一起构成宾语和宾语补足语一起构

15、成动词的动词的复合结构复合结构八）主语补足语八）主语补足语 如果上述结构变成被动语态，原宾语成如果上述结构变成被动语态，原宾语成为主语，为主语，原宾语补足语相应地变为主语补足语原宾语补足语相应地变为主语补足语lI was elected captain of the team.l Our country will be made strong.He died young.他死时很年轻。（此句不是原宾他死时很年轻。（此句不是原宾补变过来的）补变过来的）She was called Lucy.她名叫露西。她名叫露西。He was seen to go upstairs.有人看见他上楼了。有人看见他

16、上楼了。同位语同位语是位于是位于名词或或代词后后面的个别名词或面的个别名词或名词词组，对前者进行补充说明名词词组，对前者进行补充说明 The Great Wall,one of the wonders in the world,attracts a large number of foreign friends.This is my cousin,Helen.这是我的表妹，海伦 We students should study hard./(students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生）We all are students./(all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们）九、九、同位语同位语十

17、十.独立成分独立成分 感叹词、应答词、呼语、插入语等，在句中可作独立成分，用逗号与其他成分隔开。Oh,my god!Come in,Mr Green.This,I think,is the best way to help them.感叹词感叹词呼语呼语插入语插入语分词独立主格结构：分词独立主格结构：分词作状语时其分词作状语时其逻辑主语逻辑主语与句子的与句子的主语一致主语一致!否则否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构。应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构。例：例：错句：错句：Studying hard,your score will go up.正确：正确：(1)Studying hard

18、,you can make your score go up.或或(2)If you study hard,your score will go up.解析：错句中分词解析：错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语，没有自带逻辑主语，则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，既则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，既your score.显然做显然做study的应是人，不应是的应是人，不应是your score（分（分数）数）.正确句正确句(1)更正了句子的主语更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻使其与分词逻辑主语一致辑主语一致(同为同为you);正确句正确句(2)则使用条件分句则使用条件分句带出带出study的主语的主

19、语,(不过已经不是分词结构了不过已经不是分词结构了).分分词独立结构常省略词独立结构常省略being,having been.不过不过There being.的场合不能省略的场合不能省略.如：如：He sat in front of them,his dusty face masking his age.All things considered,the trip will have to be called off.Game(being)over,he went home.He stands there,book(being)in hand.独立结独立结构还可用构还可用with、withou

20、t引导，作状语或定语。引导，作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。如：如：With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon./无事无事可做，他很快就睡着了。可做，他很快就睡着了。The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose./老师进来了，戴着一付眼镜。（注意，此老师进来了，戴着一付眼镜。（注意，此句句on his nose不可省略！）不可省略！）二二.五种简单句基本句型五种简单句基本句型l主语主语+谓语谓

21、语+宾语宾语l主语主语+谓语谓语+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语l主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语动词动词系动词系动词不及物动词不及物动词及物动词及物动词主语主语+系系+表语表语主语主语+谓语谓语1）Our city is at the crossing of some important railways.主语主语 系动词系动词 表语表语 2）The city will become rich.主语主语 系动词系动词 表语表语l在这类结构中最常用的系动词是：在这类结构中最常用的系动词是：“变化变化”类：类：_.“感官感官”类类:_.“持续持续”类：类：_.其他：（似乎）

22、其他：（似乎）_ _(证明是证明是)_get/become/turn/grow/gotaste/smell/feel/look/soundstay/keep/remainSeem appearturn out/prove(to be)1主语主语+系动词系动词+表语表语Exercisesl你的故事听起来很有趣。_.l把鱼放在冰箱里，否则它会变坏的。_.l这种炎热的天气将会保持几天。_.l这个计划证明是可行的。_.Your story sounded very interesting.Put the fish into fridge,or they will go bad.The hot day

23、will remain/stay/keep a few days.The plan turned out/proved（to be)practical.二二.对表示状态变化的系动词的考查对表示状态变化的系动词的考查 英语中常见的表示状态变化的系动词有英语中常见的表示状态变化的系动词有 get，turn，turn out（结果是（结果是），），go，come（成为），（成为），fall，become 等。等。3.3.对对 appear appear 的考查的考查 appear appear 的含义是的含义是“似乎，好像，看来（如关于似乎，好像，看来（如关于某人的性格、感情或意图）某人的性格、感情

24、或意图）”，此时不用进行式，此时不用进行式，后接形容词、名词、动词不定式等。后接形容词、名词、动词不定式等。She She appeared appeared rather upset about rather upset about something.something.看来有些什么事使她心烦。看来有些什么事使她心烦。Do let your mother know all the truth.Do let your mother know all the truth.She appears _ everything.She appears _ everything.（上海（上海 2001

25、2001）A.to tell B.to be told A.to tell B.to be told C.to be telling D.to have been told C.to be telling D.to have been told 分析：句意是分析：句意是“一定要把一切真相告诉你妈妈。一定要把一切真相告诉你妈妈。她看上去已经知道一切事情。她看上去已经知道一切事情。”句中句中 tell tell 后面后面没有宾语，故用不定式的被动式，又因为没有宾语，故用不定式的被动式，又因为“知道知道一切一切”发生在发生在“告诉真相告诉真相”之前，要用完成式。之前，要用完成式。所以正确答案是所以正

26、确答案是 D D。4.对对 feel 的考查的考查 feel 的意思是的意思是“感觉是，似乎感觉是，似乎”，后常接形容词、，后常接形容词、副词、介词短语等。副词、介词短语等。I love to go to the seaside in summer.It _ good to lie in the sun or swim in the cool sea.A.does B.feels C.gets D.makes 答案为答案为D2主语主语+谓语谓语1）Building has started.主语 谓语2）The train leaves at 7:40.主语 谓语l_搭配：The teacher

27、 teaches well.The child walks very slowly.l_搭配：The girl looked at the picture.The children ran to the forest.动词副词动词副词动词介词动词介词Exercisel我每天起的很早，走到小花园，坐在凳子上。l小鸟在树上欢快的歌唱，鱼儿在池塘 里自由的嬉戏，我玩得也高兴._l_.Every day I get up early,walk to the park and sit on the bench.The birds sings happily in the tree,the fish pl

28、ays freely in the pool and I also enjoys myself.主语主语可有修饰语可有修饰语-定语定语，谓语谓语可有修饰语可有修饰语-状语状语。如如:1.The red sun rises in the east.2.So they had to travel by air or boat.3.We got up early so as to catch the first bus.4.She sat there alone,reading a novel.5.He came back when we were eating.6.Weak buildings w

29、ill fall down in an earthquake,but strong ones may stay up.3主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语1）The boss employed five more workers.主语 谓语 宾语2）My brother takes care of the vegetable garden.3）Few students like taking exams.4）He forgot to close the door.5）I hope I can speak English fluently.Exercisel他车子开得如此快以至于违反了交通规则。_.l

30、他拿出一瓶啤酒，很快将其喝光。_.l他许诺给我一个礼物。_.He drove his car so fast that he broke the traffic rules.He took out a beer and drank it up quickly.He promised to give me a gift.4主语主语+谓语谓语+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语1）He has fetched us some new textbooks.主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语2）Grandma cooked us a nice meal.主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语 3）The man

31、told the girl that he wants to test her the subject.4）The boy asked me if I could speak Chinese.l顺便问一下，她把钱付给你了吗？_.l下学期谁教你们生物？_.lMr.White告诉我为什么他要出国。_.By the way,has she paid you money?Who will teach you biology next term?Mr.White told me why he went abroad.但若要但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语后说间接宾语（人

32、），则要借助于介词（人），则要借助于介词to或或for。如：。如：He brings cookies to me every day.She made a beautiful dress for me.用用to侧重指动作的方向，表示侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着朝着，向着，对着某人。某人。用用for 侧重指动作的受益者，侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替表示为了某人，替某人某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）的）bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tel

33、l,write,ask等；等；（需借助（需借助for 的）的）buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare等。等。巩固练习：巩固练习：1Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。先生去年教我们德语。2奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。3请把那本字典递给我好吗？请把那本字典递给我好吗？4他把车票给列车员看。他把车票给列车员看。Mr Johnson taught us German last year.Grandma told me an interesting story last nigh

34、t.Would you please pass me the dictionary?He showed the ticket to the conductor.巩固练习：巩固练习：5我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？6新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动。新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动。7他用他的第一个月工资给他妈妈买了一件毛衣。他用他的第一个月工资给他妈妈买了一件毛衣。Shall I call you a taxi?The new machine will save you a lot of labour.7.He bought a new coat for his mother wit

35、h his first months salary.5主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语1）The villagers didnt allow them to do this.主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语 2）I will keep the box in the shade.3）We found him a very good pupil.4）She let me stay in the company.参看第参看第15张张Exercisel他总是把他的卧室收拾得干干净净。_.l我建议他多读点书。_.l 他修了机器。_.l我们选他当班长。_.He always keeps hi

36、s room cleanI suggest him reading more books.He had his machine repaired.We made him monitor.用用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：的句型结构方式。即：主语主语+谓语谓语+it+宾补宾补+真正宾真正宾语语。如：。如：I found it very pleasant to be with your family.巩固练习巩固练习：1我们叫她我们叫她Alice.2

37、我们大家都认为他是诚实的。我们大家都认为他是诚实的。3他们已经把小偷释放了。他们已经把小偷释放了。4我要你把真相告诉我。我要你把真相告诉我。5.卫兵命令我们立即离开。卫兵命令我们立即离开。6.每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。7他每个月理一次发他每个月理一次发8我们不会让她在晚上外出的。我们不会让她在晚上外出的。We call her Alice.All of us considered him honest.They have set the thief free.I want you to tell me the truth.The guards orde

38、red us to leave at once.Every morning we hear him read English aloud.He has his hair cut every month.We wont let her go out at night.9那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了 10她正在听人家讲故事。她正在听人家讲故事。11我从来没看见这个字这样用过。我从来没看见这个字这样用过。12他感到很难跟你交谈。他感到很难跟你交谈。13我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。14学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。学校定了一条规则，开始

39、上课时学生要起立。The terrible sound made the children frightened.She is listening to someone telling stories.I have never seen the word used that way before.He felt it very difficult to talk with you.I consider it possible to work out the problemin another way.The school made it a rule that the students sho

40、uld stand up when class begins.There be 句型句型 说明：说明：此句型是由此句型是由“there+be+主语主语+状语状语”构成，构成，用以表达存在关系可以称用以表达存在关系可以称“有有”。它其它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。仅为引导词，并无实际语意。此句型有时不用此句型有时不用be动词，而用动词，而用 live,stand,come,go,lie,remain,exist,arrive等。如：等。如：There stands a hill in the

41、middle of the park.Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如：态和情态变化。如：现在有现在有 there is/are 过去有过去有 there was/were 将来有将来有 there will be；there is/are going to be.现在已经有现在已经有 there has/have been 可能有可能有 there might be.肯定有肯定有 there must be/there mus

42、t have been.过去曾经有过去曾经有 there used to be 似乎有似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be 碰巧有碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be 巩固练习：巩固练习：1这个村子过去只有一口井。这个村子过去只有一口井。2客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。3气象员说下午将有大风。气象员说下午将有大风。4灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。5战前这儿曾有一家电影院战前这儿曾有一家电影院.There was only a well in the village

43、.Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen.The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the afternoon.The light is on.There must be someone in the office.There used to be a cinema here before the war.巩固练习：巩固练习：6恰好那时房里没人。恰好那时房里没人。7从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。8公共汽车来了。公共汽车来了。9就只剩下二十八美元了。就只剩下二十八美元了。10铃响了。铃响了。There happened to be nobody in the room.Once,there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.There comes the bus.There remained only twenty eight dollars.There goes the bell.