英美概况课件-英国的二战.ppt

1、 Britain in the Two World Warsv Britain and First World WarvBritain and the Second World War vThe Post War BritainThe Rivalry between Britain and Germanyv 1)Naval Rivalryv In 1898 the Germany Kaiser announced that he intended to develop the Germany navy.vBritain was afraid that Germany navy would be

2、 able to compete on neat equal terms,vso in the year before the war there appeared a naval race as both sides tried to out build the other.2)Colonial Rivalryv The Kaiser envied Britain and France their huge empires.He thought that the time was coming for Germany to have its“place in the sun”.This wo

3、rried Britain because any gains Germany made could will be at Britains expense.损失 3)Economic RivalryvBy 1914 Germany had been producing more iron,steel,coal and even more cars.vBritains economic lead was gone.Two Military BlocsvThere were two separate European alliances:Austria,Germany,Italy were in

4、 the Triple Alliance in 1882.vIn 1894,Russia and France signed their Dual Alliance.vIn1907 Britain reached an agreement with Russia,and allied herself with France and Russia.The Triple Entente was formed.causesvthe fundamental cause:vRedividing the world colonies among the European imperialist power

5、s.vthe direct cause:vOn 28 June 1914,the Austria prince,heir to the Austrian throne,went to inspect troops in Sarajevo and was killed.processvAustria,backed by Germany,used this as an excuse for declaring war on Serbia 塞尔维亚.vRussia supported Serbia.Germany declared war on Russia and France.vWhen Ger

6、many invaded Belgium,Britain declared war on German on Agu.4 1914.Because of in a treaty signed in 1839,Britain had agreed to defend Belgiums neutrality.vIn 1917,the United States joined the Allies.vThe war lasted four years.Germany surrended in November 1918,and the side of Entente won the victory.

7、Bomb damage in North London consequencesvThe war was over,but it was a disaster.v It claimed the lives of 2,700,000 men and disfigured twice as many again.vBritain borrowed 1,000 million dollars from US and this made Britain become a debtor nation.vso London was consequently replaced by New York as

8、the world leading banking center.vIn January 1919,representatives from 27 nations gathered in Paris to decide the fate of the defeated nations.The talk was dominated by the“Big three”:the United States,France,Britain.vAt the Peace Conference,Britain got most of what he wanted.Britain and the Second

9、World War Reason:The harsh terms of Treaty of Versailles left Germany embittered 气愤,unstable and brought Hitler and Nazism.(1933)Process:vA.Hitler occupied Austria in 1938;vC.Sudetenland in 1938;苏德台地区(Munich Agreement 慕尼黑协定 1938)vFor the failure of Chamberlains policy,Churchill became war leader in

10、1940.vWhen Winston Churchill became Prime Minister in 1940 Britain was under daily air attack and in danger of an invasion by sea.vIn Aug.1940 the Germany air Force began an attack on the airfields in southeastern England and the battle reached its height in Sept.and Oct.The Notorious Munich Confere

11、ncevMunich Conference(29 September 1938)vAt the Munich Conference were Germany,Britain,France and Italy.vThe leaders were,respectively,Hitler,Neville Chamberlain,Edouard Daladier and Mussolini.vThe Sudetenland German territory set the basis for this agreement.Hitlers dictatorship here dominated over

12、 France and Britain.The French and the British were not up to war with Germanys rearmament.This was a handicap in World War II.Prime Minister Chamberlainserved as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940.Chamberlain is best known for his appeasement foreign policy,and in partic

13、ular for his signing of the Munich Agreement in 1938,conceding the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia to Nazi Germany.Winston Churchill-British Prime MinisterBritish politician known chiefly for his leadership of the United Kingdom during World War II.He served as Prime Minister from 1940 to 1945

14、and again from 1951 to 1955.A noted statesman and orator,Churchill was also an officer in the British Army,an historian,writer and artist.To date,he is the only British Prime Minister to have received the Nobel Prize in Literature,and the first person to be recognised as an Honorary Citizen of the U

15、nited States.vBy April 30,1945,Hitler committed suicide and a week later the Germans surrendered unconditionally to the Allies.vBy Agu.1945 the British Labor government was ordering a national holiday on“VJ Day”(Victory over Japan Day)to celebrate the dropping of two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Na

16、gasaki.vResult of the Warvdestroyed many cities;vchanged the face of London;u 250,000 casualties kjulti n caused poor economic and financial difficulties;u end of empire.u Churchill received massive popular support.The Postwar UKNationalizationThe Thatcher EraNorthern Ireland ProblemsNationalization

17、vThe new labour government nationalized many industries:electricity,gas and water,etc.Result:made little difference.80%of the British economy remained in private hands.vDealing with social problemsv Establishing much welfare for the British people and the“Welfare State”had begun.v The Thatcher EravI

18、n 1979,Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain.(the iron lady)(1979-1990)vThatcherism:It included the return to private ownership of state-owned industries,the use of monetary policies(the supply of money in Britain)to control inflation,the weakening of trade unions,the st

19、rengthening of the role of market forces in the economy,and an emphasis on law and order.v Falkland Islands war 1982(with Argentina)which was her climax.vIn foreign affairs Thatcher agreed in 1985 to return Hong Kong to Chinese sovereign in 1997.vThatcher was against European union and adopted poll

20、tax,which brought her down from power and Major into power.Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.Former Prime Minister Major(1990-1997)Major policy:Keeping“Thatcherism”alivePrime Minister Tony Blaira former British Labour politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 t

21、o 27 June 2007.Prime Minister Gordon Brownthe Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Labour Party.Brown became Prime Minister in June 2007,after the resignation of Tony Blair and three days after becoming leader of the governing Labour Party Northern Ireland Problemsownership Religious conflict Economic problems