第二章-英汉思维对比课件.ppt

1、中英思维方式对比中英思维方式对比 语言语言思维方式思维方式 体现体现反作用反作用思维方式：中思维方式：中VS英英 中国思维中国思维形象思维形象思维本体思维本体思维顺向思维顺向思维重整体重整体 偏综合性思维偏综合性思维重直觉重直觉“悟性悟性”曲线思维曲线思维重伦理重伦理英美思维英美思维逻辑思维逻辑思维客体思维客体思维逆向思维逆向思维重个体重个体 偏分析性思维偏分析性思维重实证重实证直线思维直线思维重认知重认知中国：中国：Figurative thinking尚像尚像偏重形象偏重形象起源：象形文字起源：象形文字英美：英美：Logical thinking尚思尚思偏重抽象偏重抽象起源：腓尼基字母起源

2、：腓尼基字母胸有成竹：胸有成竹：To have a bamboo in ones chestTo have a well thought-out plan 水深火热的生活：水深火热的生活：Lead a life in deep water and hot fireLead a life for extreme hardship1.形象思维形象思维VS逻辑思维逻辑思维腓尼基字母 现在的希伯来字母、阿拉伯字母、希腊字母、拉丁字母等，都可追溯至腓尼基字母。腓尼基字母像希伯来字母和阿拉伯字母一样，都是辅音字母(abjad)，没有代表元音的字母或符号，字的读音须由上下文推断。现在的希伯来字母、阿拉伯字母

3、、希腊字母、拉丁字母等，都可追溯至腓尼基字母。腓尼基字母像希伯来字母和阿拉伯字母一样，都是辅音字母(abjad)，没有代表元音的字母或符号，字的读音须由上下文推断。字的读音须由上下文推断。小伙子年轻年轻漂亮，脑子里小伙子年轻年轻漂亮，脑子里却却是一张白纸是一张白纸。A nice enough young fellow,you understand,nothing upstairs.我军我军势如破竹势如破竹，打得敌军，打得敌军落花落花流水流水。Our army won a smooth and overwhelming victory.三个人三个人品字式品字式坐下，随便谈了坐下，随便谈了几句。几

4、句。The three men sat down facing each other and began casually chatting.聪明人聪明人防患于未然，防患于未然，愚蠢者愚蠢者临临渴掘井。渴掘井。Wisdom prepares the worst,but folly leaves the worst for the day it comes.形象思维：形象思维：具体形象的具体形象的词词抽象抽象事物事物借借物言志物言志抽象思维：抽象思维：抽象名词抽象名词具体事具体事物物指称指称意义意义实实 明明 直直 显显 象象虚虚 暗暗 泛泛 隐隐 曲曲秋思秋思马致远马致远枯藤老树昏鸦枯藤老树昏

5、鸦小桥流水人家小桥流水人家古道西风瘦马古道西风瘦马Oer old tree wreathed ri:d with rotten fly evening crows;Neath tiny bridge beside a clear stream flows;On ancient road in western breeze a lean horse goes;-许渊冲许渊冲 译译英语词语虚化手段。英语词语虚化手段。1.名词化 in every step of his swift,mechanical march,and in every pause of his resolute observa

6、tion,there is one and the same expression of perfect egotism,perfect independence and self-confidence,and conviction of the worlds having been made for flies.每当它敏捷而机械地迈出迈出一步，或者果断地驻足观驻足观察察，总是流露出流露出一付自命不凡，不求他人，十分自信的神情，俨然认为认为世界就是为苍蝇而创造创造的。2.词义虚化1.虚化词缀构词：前缀：pan-泛inter-相互micro-微pro-先trans-跨contra-相反intra

7、-内multi-多ultra-超后缀：-ness、-ity表性质、状态、程度-tion表动作状态、结果-ism表主义、学说、信仰3.用介词表达较虚泛的意义。If any mischief was going forward,Peter was sure to be in at it.只要有什么恶作剧，总少不了彼得的份。I understand hes in for a job in the company.我知道他在申请公司的一个职位。If theres any profit to be got out of the deal.Im going to be in on it.如果这次买卖可以赚

8、到钱，我打算凑一份。Bob has it in for George because George told the teacher that Bob cheated in the exam.因为乔治向老师报告鲍勃考试作弊，鲍勃就对乔治怀恨在心。汉语词语具体化的手段汉语词语具体化的手段 英译汉中，汉语采用如下手段来表达英语的抽象词义。1.动词取代抽象名词。He had surfaced with less visibility in the policy decisions.在决策过程中，他已经不那么抛头露面了。These problems defy easy classification.这

9、些问题难以归类归类。2.范畴词范畴词 He was described as impressed by Dengs flexibility.据说他对邓的灵活态度灵活态度印象很深。He discussed greatness and excellence.他探讨了伟大和杰出的涵义。的涵义。The sight of his native place called back his childhood.见到自己的故乡，他想起了童年的情景。3.具体词语具体词语 The stars twinkled in transparent clarity.星星在清澈的晴空晴空中闪烁。In America,Wang

10、 computers have become a fixture in offices throughout the country.在美国，王安公司的电子计算机已成为各地办公室的必备之物必备之物。请翻译下面这段文字请翻译下面这段文字 To help myself live without fault.I made a list of what I considered the 13 virtues.The virtues are 1.Temperance 2.Self-control 3.Silence 4.Order 5.Firmness of mind 6.Savings 7.Indus

11、try 8.Honesty 9.Justice 10.Cleanliness 11.Calmness 12.Morality 13.Humbleness(Benjamin Franklin)为了使自己在生活中不犯错误，特列出我认为应该身体力行的13条守则。这些守则是：1.节制饮食 2.自我克制 3.沉默寡言 4.有条不紊 5.坚定信念 6.勤俭节约 7.工作勤奋 8.忠诚老实 9.办事公正 10.衣履整洁 11.平心静气 12.品行高尚 13.谦虚恭顺试比较以下句子的翻译1.No one is satisfied with his favoritism in his work.译文1 没有人对

12、他在工作中的偏爱感到满意。译文2 对他在工作中表现出来的徇私作风徇私作风谁都感到不满意。增加范畴词语2.Any discourtesy shown to Chinese persons by any official of the Government will be cause for immediate dismissal.译文1 任何政府官员对华人的不敬都将构成直接被开除的原因。译文2 任何政府官员，如果对中国人有任何粗暴行为粗暴行为，必须立即予以开除。运用具体词汇运用具体词汇课内练习现在请大家翻译以下句子。1.A son,a job and housekeeping forced ro

13、mance out.有了儿子，又要工作，又要做家务，就不能卿卿我我了。2.But there had been too much publicity about my case.但我的事现在已经搞得满城风雨、人人皆知了。3.The complexity of the human situation and the injustice of the social order demand far more fundamental changes in the basic structure of society itself than some politicians are willing t

14、o admit in their speeches.和有些政客们在演讲中愿意公开承认的事实相比，人类生存状生存状态态和社会不公正现象不公正现象目前已经非常复杂，这种复杂性要求社会结构进行根本性改革。4.With the credit card it is unnecessary to carry large amounts of cash and are always useful in emergencies.有了这种信用卡，就无需随身携带大量现金，而且在急需用钱急需用钱时非常有用。中国：本体型思维中国：本体型思维 以以人人为中心来观察、分析、推理为中心来观察、分析、推理和研究事物的思维方式

15、和研究事物的思维方式 汉语常以有生命的名词作主语 英美：客体型思维英美：客体型思维 把把客观自然界客观自然界作为观察、分析、作为观察、分析、推理和研究的中心推理和研究的中心 英语多用无生命的名词作主语3.2 本体思维本体思维VS 客体思维客体思维3.2 本体本体VS客体思维客体思维She has been a widow only six months.译译1：她只当了：她只当了6个月的寡妇。个月的寡妇。译译2：她的丈夫她的丈夫死了至今不过半年死了至今不过半年。The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.我我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步走在

16、厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。声也没有。3.2 本体本体VS客体思维客体思维 我我想到了：这是只熟鸟，也许自幼想到了：这是只熟鸟，也许自幼养在笼中。养在笼中。It occurs to me that it must be a tame bird.他他赢钱赢得那么多，无怪乎眼红的赢钱赢得那么多，无怪乎眼红的人，赌输的人，有时说起这件事情人，赌输的人，有时说起这件事情便发牢骚。便发牢骚。His successes were so repeated that no wonder the envious and the vanquished spoke sometimes with bitterne

17、ss regarding them.课内练习根据上述解释，试翻译以下几个句子，尽量符合汉语的表达习惯。1.What has happened to you?你怎么了？2.An idea suddenly struck me.我突然想到了一个主意。3.American English owes a great deal to Noah Webster,an American lexicographer and writer.美国词典编纂家及作家诺阿韦伯斯特对美国英语做出了巨做出了巨大的贡献。（具体词语）大的贡献。（具体词语）4.Her good work and obedience have p

18、leased her teacher.她学业优良、性情温顺，深得老师喜欢。（具体词语）。（具体词语）5.3.3顺向思维顺向思维VS逆向思维逆向思维中国中国：面向着面向着过去过去来区分来区分时间先后时间先后“前前”过去的时过去的时间间“后后”-未来的时间未来的时间英美：英美：面向着面向着未来未来来区来区分时间先后分时间先后过去：过去：uBack,after,pastu将来：将来：uForward,before,futureThe mother is not there,she took off a few years back.-The Loons登幽州台歌登幽州台歌 前前不见古人，不见古人，后

19、后不见来者，不见来者，念天地之悠悠，念天地之悠悠，独怆然而泪下独怆然而泪下 On climbing the Tower at YouzhouWhere the sages of the past,And those of future years,Sky and earth forever last,Lonely,I shed sad tears.3.3 顺向顺向VS逆向思维逆向思维p您先请您先请p九五折九五折p自学自学p东北东北 西南西南p钢铁工业钢铁工业p水火不容水火不容p不管晴雨不管晴雨After you!A five percent discountSelf-taughtNorthea

20、st southwestIron and steel industryAs incompatible as fire and waterRain or shine中国中国：重整体重整体偏重综合性偏重综合性（从多到一）（从多到一）对称与和谐对称与和谐语法的隐含性语法的隐含性句法的意合性句法的意合性词义的笼统与模糊词义的笼统与模糊性性英美英美：重个体重个体偏重分析性思维偏重分析性思维（由一到多）（由一到多）语法的外显性语法的外显性句法的形合性句法的形合性词义的具体性词义的具体性3.4 重整体重整体VS重个体重个体 中国人的传统思维方式总是习惯于整体把握对象，因而汉语具有较高的整体概括性 英语思维注

21、重细节分析，在对自然社会的思考中往往把整体加以局部性、具体性分局部性、具体性分解解3.4 重整体重整体VS重个体重个体 起源起源造字法造字法中国：形声造字法中国：形声造字法英美：英美：”原子主义原子主义“=原子核原子核+核外电核外电子子”木木”旁旁：松：松 柏柏 桃桃 李李 树树 林林 Pine，cypress，peach，plum，tree，forest“水水“旁旁：江：江 河河 湖湖 泊泊 海海 洋洋 深深 浅浅 river，lake，sea，ocean，deep，shallow3.5 综合性综合性VS分析性分析性 春花春花含苞待放含苞待放,绿叶绿叶缓缓舒展缓缓舒展,溪水溪水潺潺潺潺流淌流

22、淌,欢乐的欢乐的春天春天涌动着无限的追求和涌动着无限的追求和希望希望,这一切难以用语言倾诉表达。这一切难以用语言倾诉表达。Spring has so much more than speech in its unfolding flowers and leaves,and the coursing of its streams,and in its sweet restless seeking!(John Galesworthy The Apple Tree)课内练习请翻译以下的句子。1.He had a sound feeling that idiom was the backbone of

23、 a language and he was all for the racy phrases.他感到习语是语言的主要支柱，因此特别主张用生动的短语，他的想法是非常正确的。2.Somebody lied,if he said my life is a happy little tale,or he told you Im just an ordinary guy in the world.如果有人说我的一生是一个喜剧，或者说我只是个普通人，他们都在撒谎。3.The theory is of great important that the hotter the body is,the more

24、 energy it radiate.物体的温度越高，放射的能量越多，这一理论非常重要。3.6 对称与和谐对称与和谐 生存在功利社会，生存在功利社会，奔波劳顿，勾心斗奔波劳顿，勾心斗角角，若想做到从心所欲，难哉兮！，若想做到从心所欲，难哉兮！In a business society,where people run about in pursuit of personal gains at the expense of others,it is really difficult to do as you please.3.6 对称与和谐对称与和谐 善欲人见，不是真善；恶恐人知，善欲人见，不是

25、真善；恶恐人知，便是大恶。便是大恶。A good deed is no good deed if it is done for show.An evil is all the worse if it is covered up 时时(tense)体体(aspect)语态语态(voice)语气语气(mood)我完全被吸引住了，死死地盯着看，一个同伴问我完全被吸引住了，死死地盯着看，一个同伴问我是不是认识这肖像。我就在想，除了几个我认我是不是认识这肖像。我就在想，除了几个我认识的人外，我肯定是唯一知道的人了。识的人外，我肯定是唯一知道的人了。I was totally arrested,and a

26、s I stood gazing on it,my companion asked me if I knew the who it was.I was thinking that,beyond a few whom could name,I must be almost the only person who could know.3.6 语法的隐形语法的隐形VS显性显性3.7 词义的朦胧词义的朦胧VS具体具体 汉语词义较笼统，英语语义较具体汉语词义较笼统，英语语义较具体“车车来了来了”Here comes the”车车bus,minibus,lorry,taxi,bike,motorcycl

27、e“借我一支借我一支笔笔”笔笔pen,ball pen,pencil,a piece of chalk,color pen3.8直觉直觉VS实证实证 中国：中国：重直觉，重直觉，”悟性悟性“，”天人合一天人合一“英美：英美：重实证，理性知识，重实证，理性知识，”天人相分天人相分 1）热得我满身大汗。）热得我满身大汗。The heat made me sweat.I was sweating all over.2）不坚持，就会失败。）不坚持，就会失败。One will fail unless one preserves.3.9直线思维直线思维VS曲线思维曲线思维 It is a truth un

28、iversally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.(J.Austen,Pride and prejudice)凡是有钱的单身汉凡是有钱的单身汉,总想娶个太太总想娶个太太,这是这是一条举世公认的一条举世公认的真理。真理。3.9直线思维直线思维VS曲线思维曲线思维 Soccer is a very difficult sport.(1)A p layer must be able to run steadily without rest.(2)Some

29、times a player must hit the ball with his or her head.(3)Players must be willing to bang into and be banged into by others.(4)They must put up with aching feet and sore muscles.3.10 重伦理重伦理VS认知认知 中国：中国：重伦理，集体主义，重伦理，集体主义，”大大小小“，顺其自然，听天由命顺其自然，听天由命 英美：英美：重认知，个人主义，重认知，个人主义，”小小大大“探求自然探求自然 In June 1990,he

30、graduated from the English Department,Peking University.他于他于1990年年6月月毕业于毕业于北京大学英语系北京大学英语系。申奥演讲看中英思维差异申奥演讲看中英思维差异 集体主义和个人主义集体主义和个人主义 对比两篇演讲中的人称代词出现的频率：对比两篇演讲中的人称代词出现的频率：政府，我政府，我国，我们国，我们我我李岚清李岚清143布莱尔布莱尔913李岚清申奥演讲稿 Mr.President,IOC members,Ladies and gentlemen,On behalf of the Chinese government,I wis

31、h to reaffirm that our Government stands firmly behind Beijing in its bid for the 2008 Olympic Games.The Chinese Government respects and appreciates the conclusion reached by the IOC Evaluation Commission.We have worked out a plan accordingly to ensure an excellent Games in Beijing.The Chinese Gover

32、nment will honor each and every commitment it has made in Beijings Candidature File and will do whatever it can to assist Beijing to fulfill its promises.China embraces the Olympic spirit and has always been a staunch supporter behind the IOC initiatives布莱尔在清华演讲布莱尔在清华演讲翻译练习翻译练习Of Studies Reading mak

33、eth a full man;conference a ready man;and writing an exact man.And therefore,if a man write little,he had need have a great memory;if he confer little,he had need have a present wit:and if he read little,he had need have much cunning,to seem to know,that he doth not.Histories make men wise;poets wit

34、ty;the mathematics subtle;natural philosophy deep;moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.Abeunt studia in mores.Nay,there is no stand or impediment in the wit,but may be wrought out by fit studies;like as diseases of the body,may have appropriate exercises.1.汉语重整体性，难免会重复某些词。汉语重整体性，难免会重复某些词。2.汉语重直觉，汉语表述手段相对模糊化。汉语重直觉，汉语表述手段相对模糊化。比如比如 词性模糊化；句法成分的模糊化；语言单位的模糊词性模糊化；句法成分的模糊化；语言单位的模糊译文 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常做笔记者须记忆特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，论理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辨：凡有所学，皆成性格。人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之Thank you!