电子商务第六讲课件.pptx

1、河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-1耿立校 Email:河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-2Learning Objectives How business use the Internet to improve purchasing,logistic,and other business process activities Electronic data interchange and how it works Supply chain management and how businesses are using Int

2、ernet technologies to improve it Electronic marketplaces and portals that make purchase-sale negotiations easier and more efficient河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-3Key Items Accredited Standards Committee X12(ASC X12)American National Standards Institute(ANSI)AS2(Applicability Statement 2),AS3(App

3、licability Statement 3)Automated clearing house(ACH)Business process offshoring Contract purchasing Customer portal Direct connection EDI Direct materials EDI compatible EDI for Administration,Commerce,and Transport(EDIFACT,or UN/EDIFACT)河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-4Key Items EDIINT(Electronic

4、 Data Interchange-Internet Integration,EDI-NET)E-government E-procurement software E-sourcing Impact sourcing Independent exchange Independent industry marketplace Indirect connection EDI Indirect materials Industry consortia-sponsored marketplace Industry marketplace Internet EDI河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院

5、经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-5Key Items Knowledge management Maintenance,repair,and operating(MRO)Nonrepudiation Offshoring Open EDI Outsourcing Private company marketplace Private store Public marketplace Purchasing card(p-card)Radio Frequency Identification Devices(RFIDs)Real-time location systems(RTLS)Replenis

6、hment purchasing河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-6Key Items Smart sourcing Sourcing Spend Spot market Spot purchasing Stockout Supply alliances Supply chain Supply chain management Supply web Third-party logistics(3PL)provider Tier-one suppliers Tier-three suppliers 河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校

7、F-7Key Items Tier-two suppliers Transaction sets Ultimate consumer orientation Vertical portal(vortal)Web EDI河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-85.1 Purchasing,Logistics and Business Support Processes5.2 Electronic Data Interchange5.3 SCM Using Internet Technologies5.4 Electronic Marketplaces and Por

8、tals河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-9 Recap Value chain models primary activities Identify customers,market and sell,and deliver Many business models for selling on the Web Used in B2B e-commerce Apply to B2C e-commerce河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-10 GE is one of the largest and most successf

9、ul companies in the world.Its oldest lines of business is GE lighting.Problems:-The bidding process at GE lighting had become very slow and inefficient.-It would take purchasing personnel more than four weeks to gather the information,send it to potential suppliers,obtain and evaluate suppliers bid,

10、negotiate with the chosen suppliers,and place an order.-These long delays were limiting GE lightings flexibility and ability to respond to requests from its customers.河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-11 Solutions:-Applying the tools of electronic commerce to these purchase transactions,improve the

11、entire parts acquisition process.-The bid process now takes hours,completing the whole purchasing process in about 10 days.Create a new purchase file Select suppliers Send the bid package off in an encrypted format to all selected suppliers The suppliers respond within a short period through the int

12、ernet Evaluate the returned bids and award a contract online.河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-12 Benefits:-Process-time reduction-from four weeks or more to 10 days-Elimination of paper and the costs of handing paper-Make it easier to send out bid packages-Send out more bids to a wider range of sup

13、pliers-Increased competition drove down prices:save 10-20%cost-Suppliers welcome the reduced time lag because this makes their production planning easier.河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-135.1.1 Purchasing Activities5.1.2 Logistics Activities5.1.3 Business Process Support Activities5.1.4 E-Governme

14、nt5.1.5 Supply Web河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-14 Companies use electronic commerce to:Improve purchasing and logistics Improve all support activities Provide potential cost reductions,business process improvements Necessary characteristic:flexibility Economic organizations evolving from hierar

15、chical structures to new,more flexible network structures Reduced transaction cost through Internet and Web technologies for business processes河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-15 Outsourcing:use of other organizations to perform specific activities Typically manufacturing Offshoring:outsourcing don

16、e by organizations in other countries Internet-enabled activities:purchasing,research and development,record keeping,information management Business process offshoring河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-16 Purchasing activities 采购活动 Include identifying and evaluating vendors,selecting specific product

17、s,placing orders,and resolving any issues after receiving ordered goods or services.Supply chain Part of industry value chain preceding a particular strategic business unit Includes all activities undertaken by every predecessor in the value chain to:Design,produce,promote,market,deliver,support eac

18、h individual component of a product or service河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-17 Traditionally Purchasing department buys components at lowest price possible Bidding process focus:individual component cost Ignore the total supply chain costs,including the cost to the manufacturing organization of

19、dealing with such a large number of suppliers河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-18 Procurement 采购 The broader range of responsibilities Generally includes all purchasing activities,plus the monitoring all purchase transaction elements,also includes managing and developing supplier relationships Also

20、called supply management E-procurement Use of Internet technologies in procurement activities Procurement staff have high product knowledge Identify and evaluate appropriate suppliers河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-19 Sourcing The part of procurement activity devoted to identifying suppliers and d

21、etermining qualifications e-sourcing Using Internet technologies in sourcing activities河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-20 Business purchasing process More complex than most consumer purchasing processes Spend开支 Total yearly dollar amount for goods and services purchased.Managing the spend is an im

22、portant function and can be a key element in a companys overall profitabilityFIGURE 5-1 Steps in a typical business purchasing process河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-21 Direct materials 直接物料 Materials that become part of the finished product in a manufacturing process Direct materials purchasing:t

23、wo types Replenishment purchasing补货采购(contract purchasing)Company negotiates long-term material contracts for most of the materials that it will need By negotiating the contracts in advance and guaranteeing the purchase,the manufacturer obtains low prices and good delivery terms Spot purchasing 现货采购

24、 Purchases made in loosely organized market(spot market)河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-22 Indirect materials 间接物料 All other materials that the company purchases,including factory supplies,such as sandpaper,hand tools,and replacement parts for manufacturing machinery Maintenance,repair,and operati

25、ng(MRO)supplies Indirect material purchased on a recurring basis Standard items(commodities)with price as main criterion Purchasing cards(p-cards)provide:Managers an ability to make multiple small purchases Cost-tracking information to procurement Examples:W.W.Grainger,Alibaba河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理

26、学院 耿立校耿立校F-23河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-24 Classic objective of logistics Provide the right goods in the right quantities in the right place at the right time Logistics management is an important support activity for both the sales and the purchasing activities in a company The products they

27、sell to customers are delivered on time The raw materials they buy and use to create their products arrive when needed The management of materials as they go from the raw materials to storage area through production processes to become finished goods河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-25 Logistics act

28、ivities Includes managing:Inbound movement of materials and supplies Outbound movement of finished goods and services Web and the Internet Providing increasing number of opportunities to better manage activities Example:Schneider Track and Trace system Real-time shipment information:customers browse

29、rs河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-26 Third-party logistics(3PL)provider 第三方物流服务商 Operates all(large portion)of customers materials movement activities Examples:FedEx,UPS,SF Excellent example of second-wave e-commerce Marriage of GPS and portable computing technologies with the Internet(Examples:Fe

30、d Ex and UPS)Third-wave e-commerce supported by smart phones河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-27 General categories Finance and administration,human resources,technology developmentFIGURE 5-3 Categories of support activities河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-28 Human resources and/or payroll function

31、s often outsourced by small/midsized companies Common support activity:training Underlies multiple primary activities Putting training materials on company intranet Can distribute materials to many different sales offices Can coordinate materials in corporate headquarters Knowledge management Intent

32、ional collection,classification,dissemination of information about a company,its products and processes (Examples:Ericsson,KMWorld)河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-29 Use of electronic commerce by governments and government agencies to perform functions for their stakeholders.Such as:Employ people,

33、buy supplies from vendors,and distribute benefit payments Collect taxes and fees from constituents Offers an opportunity to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the functions of government and to make governments more transparent to citizens and businesses by providing access to more of the i

34、nformation generated by government.河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-30河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-31 National governments are finding that e-government can reduce administrative costs and provide better service to stakeholders.Example:Pay.gov 河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-32河北工业大学河北工业大学 经

35、济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-33河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-34河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-35河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-36河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-37 Trend in purchasing,logistics,and support activities Shift from hierarchical structures Toward network structures Procurement departm

36、ents new tools(technology)To negotiate with suppliers and form strategic alliances Network model of economic organization Other firms perform various support activities Supply Web:term replacing“supply chain”Due to parallel lines interconnected in a Web or network configuration河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管

37、理学院 耿立校耿立校F-385.1 Purchasing,Logistics and Business Support Processes5.2 Electronic Data Interchange5.3 SCM Using Internet Technologies5.4 Electronic Marketplaces and Portals河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-395.2.1 Early Business Information Interchange Efforts5.2.2 Emergence of Broader Standards5.

38、2.3 How EDI Works5.2.4 Value-Added Networks5.2.5 EDI Payments河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-40 EDI 电子数据交换 A computer-to-computer transfer of business information between two businesses using a standard format EDI compatible EDI兼容 Firms exchanging data in specific standard formats Was the first fo

39、rm of EC to be widely used in business Reasons to be familiar with EDI:Most B2B e-commerce adapted from EDI or based on EDI principles Current method for most electronic B2B transactions河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-41 1800s and early 1900s Need to create formal business transactions records 195

40、0s Companies began to use computers store and process internal transaction records(printed on paper)1960s:Large volumes transactions Exchanged on punched cards or magnetic tape 1960s and 1970s Transfer data over telephone lines Efforts increased efficiency,reduced errors河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校

41、耿立校F-42 Issue:incompatible data translation programs 1968:freight,shipping companies joined together Created standardized information set Used a computer file Transmittable to any freight company adopting the standard Benefits limited to members of industries that created standard-setting groups Ful

42、l realization of EDI economies and efficiencies Required standards for all companies in all industries河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-43 American National Standards Institute(ANSI)美国国家标准协会 United States coordinating body for standards since 1918 Accredited Standards Committee X12(ASC X12)公认标准委员会 D

43、evelops and maintains EDI standards Data Interchange Standards Association(DISA)Administrative body coordinating ASC X12 activities Transaction sets 报文集:names of the formats for specific business data interchanges EDI for Administration,Commerce,and Transport(EDIFACT,or UN/EDIFACT)1987河北工业大学河北工业大学 经

44、济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-44FIGURE 5-5 Commonly used EDI transaction sets河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-45 Basic idea behind EDI:straightforward Implementation:complicated,even in fairly simple business situations Example:Company replacing metal-cutting machine Steps to purchase using paper-based syste

45、m Steps to purchase using EDI 河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-46 Paper-based purchasing process Buyer and vendor Not using integrated software for business processes Each information processing step results in paper document Must be delivered to department handling next step Paper-based informatio

46、n transfer Mail,courier,fax Information flows shown in Figure 5-6河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-47FIGURE 5-6 Information flows in a paper-based purchasing process河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-48 EDI purchasing process Mail service replaced with EDI network data communications Paper flows with

47、in buyers and vendors organizations replaced with computers Running EDI translation software Information flows shown in Figure 5-7河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-49FIGURE 5-7 Information flows in an EDI purchasing process河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-50 EDI reduces paper flow and streamlines t

48、he interchange of information among departments within a company and between companies EDI network key elements EDI network,two EDI translator computers河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-51 Trading partners can implement the EDI network and EDI transaction process in several ways,each of these ways u

49、se one of two basic approaches:Direct connection EDI 直接连接EDI Requires each business in the network to operate its own on-site EDI translator computers Connected directly to each Few companies use direct connection EDI Dedicated leased lines:expensive河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-52FIGURE 5-9 Dir

50、ect connection EDI河北工业大学河北工业大学 经济管理学院经济管理学院 耿立校耿立校F-53 Indirect connection EDI 间接连接EDI Value-added network(VAN)增值网 A company that provides communications equipment,software,and skills needed to receives,stores,and forwards electronic messages containing EDI transaction sets To send an EDI transactio