《实用任务型学术写作》课件Unit 15 TOEFL.ppt

1、Unit 15TOFELIn this unit you will learn how to write In this unit you will learn how to write for for TOEFL testTOEFL test TOFEL写作为分析性写作(Analytical Writing)，分两部分。第一部分为综合写作(Integrated Writing)，20分钟。先花3分钟读一篇学术话题的短文，然后听一篇与该话题相关的课堂讲解，再总结听到的短文中的要点并解释它们是如何与阅读短文中的具体方面相关的。第二部分为独立写作(Independent Writing)，30分钟

2、。根据个人知识和经历，就给出的话题阐述自己的观点。Task Objective 综合写作的基本要素包括：1、立论提出论点。总结概述听力材料与阅读材料的论点。2、论证提出论证。运用听力材料与阅读材料中论据进行论证。3、结论总结论证并重述观点。独立写作的基本要素包括：1、立论提出论点。根据材料，鲜明提出自己观点。2、论证结合提出的观点，运用理由与例子充分进行论证。3.结论总结论证并重述观点。Read Sample 1 and answer the questions as briefly as possible.Task Preparation 1Writing typesIntegrated W

3、ritingAuthors opinion Supporting details Speakers view Supporting detailsRead Sample 1 and answer the questions as briefly as possible.Task Preparation 1Writing typesIndependent WritingAuthors opinion Supporting details Conclusion KeyWriting typesIntegrated WritingAuthors opinionInvasive plants harm

4、 native plantsSupporting details They are introduced to an area through gardening They escape from the garden and grow wild They push out native species,causing devastating effects on the local ecology.Speakers viewGarlic mustard is an invasive species that causes problemsSupporting detailsIt compet

5、es with other spring-blooming species.The West Virginia white butterfly is threatened by this plant.Garlic mustard was introduced to the United States as a food source.KeyWriting typesIndependent WritingAuthors opinionHeavy exposure to various information is the right way to distinguish right from w

6、rong.Supporting detailsDifferent media have their own attributes,people can know the truth.(2)From different sources of news with different viewpoints,people can acquire adequate information.(3)Absorbing information from different sources will avoid the problem of being cheated.Conclusion It is reas

7、onable for audience to get information from various sources.Read Sample 2 and answer the questions.Task Preparation 2Integrated writing:1.What is the thesis statement of the essay?2.What is the opinion of the author?3.What is the opinion of the speaker?Independent writing：4.Does the authors argument

8、s make a cogent case for his opinion?5.How many factors has the writer mentioned that government should spend more money on improving public transportation?6.Whats the most serious problems in modern society according to the passage?1.What is the thesis statement of the essay?2.What is the opinion o

9、f the author?Key The author reports that anti-smoking campaigns for teens have had“significant”success.The author tells us about a particular smoking prevention campaign aimed at young people that has been successful.In contrast,the speaker warns us that initial results of public health campaigns ca

10、n be misleading.3.What is the opinion of the speaker?KeyThe speaker warns us that initial results of public health campaigns can be deceptive.4.Does the authors arguments make a cogent case for his opinion?Yes,it does.5.How many factors has the writer mentioned that government should spend more mone

11、y on improving public transportation?6.Whats the most serious problems in modern society according to the passage?KeyThe writer has mentioned three factors that government should spend more money on improving public transportation:(1)Cars depend on oil and gasoline,which are nonrenewable resources(2

12、)Cars cause pollution.(3)Cars tend to isolate people from each otherYes,it does.Environmental problems and increased isolation are some of the most serious problems of modern society.Read Sample 3 and judge whether the statements Read Sample 3 and judge whether the statements are true or false.are t

13、rue or false.Task Preparation 31.The author proposes that a good mood makes shoppers spend more time on shopping.2.Retailers can improve shoppers mood by controlling the store environment.3.Slow music makes customers to stay at a restaurant shorter and order less food.4.People tend to shop longer an

14、d speak highly of the products in the store when heard popular and familiar music.TTFTRead Sample 3 and judge whether the statements Read Sample 3 and judge whether the statements are true or false.are true or false.Task Preparation 31.Artists and scientists make very different types of contribution

15、s to our society,and the contributions of both are valuable.2.Artists make contributions to our spiritual lives,while scientists make contributions to our material lives.3.Scientists make valuable contributions to society,but society seems to value artists more.4.The author thinks that the artists s

16、hould get the recognition they deserve.TTFTData Bank Practice these patterns and expressions often used in writing TOEFL test1.1 Patterns and expressions in integrated writing 1.1.1 论点论点1)The author explains that understanding learning styles can improve learning and training.The speaker,however,sug

17、gests that understanding learning styles does not always provide a solution.2)The author asserts that advances in technology do not always lead to increased productivity.The speaker,in contrast,suggests that investment in technology is paid back in increased productivity.3)The author states that inv

18、asive plants harm native plants and the speaker explains that garlic mustard is an invasive species that causes problem.4)The author believes that TV viewing has negative effects on childrens school performance.The speaker on the other hand proposes that TV watching can actually improve school perfo

19、rmance.1.1.1 论点论点5)The author tells us about particular smoking prevention campaign aimed at young people that has been successful.In contrast the speaker warns us that initial results of public health campaigns can be misleading.6)The author proposes that a good mood makes shoppers buy more.Similar

20、ly the speaker explains that studies show that music can make consumers spend more time shopping.7)In the passage,doubts are cast on whether the Venetian Marco Polo traveled to China.However,the lecture totally disagrees and questions the doubt in the following three aspects.8)In the lecture,the pro

21、fessor argues that“early retirement”is by no means inevitable,conflicting the main opinion in the reading text that early retirement trend will continue for sure.Doubts is casted on points in the reading text by points in the lecture in aspects below.1.1.1 论点论点9)The lecture do not agree that dinosau

22、rs are cold-blooded,challenging what is stated in the reading text that dinosaurs are warm-blooded animals,like todays mammals and birds.10)In the text,the author worries about the negative aspects on the food supply of the widely use of bio-fuels.However,according to the professor,the saying that t

23、he production of bio-fuels brings negative effects on food supply is totally ungrounded and weak.1.1.2 论证论证1)First of all,the professor thinks that Persian was popular in trade between Asia and Europe in the 13th and 14th century.2)Secondly,according to the lecture,tea was mainly popular in southern

24、 China and tea culture wasnt developed in northern China.3)Thirdly,doubting the economic benefit claimed in the passage,the professor provides the fact that salvage logging is actually very expensive in a long run.4)Last but not the least,it is true that prescribed fire is expensive to carry out;how

25、ever,the professor maintain that it is only 1/10 of the cost of fighting fires exclusive the loss of peoples property.1.1.2 论证论证 5)In addition,even though older workers cant work as fast as younger co-workers do,it does not mean they have to quit their job thoroughly.They can still take part-time jo

26、bs in which they will undoubtedly play important roles.6)There is no denying the fact that mass media have a powerful influence in shaping peoples life.7）Admittedly,it costs an astronomical sum of money and a huge portion of human resources to carry out the space research.But I still think the retur

27、ns from space exploration will be enormous.8)Despite the fact that prescribed fire may cause air pollution and global warming as mentioned in the passage,it could also strengthen the ecological recycling in forests,help new growths and decrease the fir fuel when a wildfire strikes.1.1.2 论证论证9)Althou

28、gh dinosaurs are traditionally believed to be cold-blooded reptiles,such as crocodiles,lizards and sea turtles,evidences recently discovered have implied a picture on quite opposite side.10)There is no doubt that older employees tend to have greater difficulties in dealing with younger colleagues.1.

29、2 Patterns and expressions in independent writing1.2.1论点论点1)I certainly agree that the most important aspect of a job is the money a person earns.2)I disagree strongly with the idea that the same amount of money should go to university sports activities as to university libraries.3)In my opinion,the

30、 priority should be given to pursuing ones interest rather than obtaining a job.4)As far as I am concerned,reading fiction is definitely more enjoyable than watching movies.5)I do not think it is a good idea for teenagers to have jobs while they are still students.6)There is no question that the aut

31、omobile has improved modern life.1.2.1论点论点7)There would be both advantages and disadvantages to having a shopping center built in my neighborhood.8)Although many people prefer to eat at restaurants because it is easier than cooking at home,I prefer to prepare food at home.9)This controversial action

32、 arouses great responses in society-some universities applaud and follow through while others challenge it.Personally,I think that university students should specialize in one subject.10)Many of us believe that young people have nothing valuable to teach older people.However,that is not always the c

33、ase.Young people can teach older people about technology,popular culture and current social issues.1.2 Patterns and expressions in independent writing1.2.2 论据论据1)To begin with,the statement depends on the hasty assumption that the kinds of tasks robots perform in space are similar to the ones.2)Firs

34、t of all,you will enjoy learning your major only when you are truly interested in it.3)Whats more,by limiting school children to watch TV and movies,parents could help children focus on study.4)Admittedly,movies that can teach us about real life are valuable because they could provide us with a lot

35、of helpful experience.5)Although watching TV and movies has a lot of disadvantages,it also benefits school children.1.2.2 论论据据6)When it comes to the natural science,however,some new ideas are truly original while others put established ideas together in new ways.7)It is more sensible decision that u

36、niversities require students to specialize in one subject.8)Another problem with the statement is that it overlooks other factors that might have contributed to the amount of pain these patients experienced.9)A final problem involves the assertion that no new electric power plants are needed because

37、 the three existing plants,which are 20 years old,have always been adequate for the areas electric needs.10)Also questionable is the claim that the use of robots would increase factory output because robots do not make errors.1.2 Patterns and expressions in independent writing1.2.3 总结总结1)In sum,emot

38、ions can serve as important catalysts for academic accomplishment in the arts.2)In conclusion,the recommendation is not well supported.To better evaluate the recommendation,I would need more information about Mesas profitability over a longer time period.3)To recap,audience need to be patient to get

39、 information from various sources to be reasonable.4)In the final analysis,it seems that in every endeavor where success depends to some degree on persuasion,marketing,or salesmanship,image has indeed become the central concern of those who seek to persuade.1.2.3 总结总结5)To sum up,in terms of how to l

40、ive together as a society I agree that studying the past is of some value.6)In short,we need to watch different kinds of movies to learn more knowledge and to cultivate abilities for future.7)All in all,television shows such as the comedies give people laughter and they can both help youth and elder

41、ly people to enjoy their life more comfortably.8)A factory would be helpful in some ways,but the dangers outweigh the benefits.I cannot support a plan to build a new factory here.9)Consequently,find a subject of your interest and choose it as your major.Only in that way will you be able to lead a fu

42、lfilled and happy college life and get truly well-prepared for your future.10)In the whole,if students time and energy allowed,universities could allow students to take as many subjects as possible.2.Read the following tips for writing an abstract.Integrated WritinglSuccessfully selects the importan

43、t information from the lecture.lCoherently and accurately presents the information in relation to the relevant information presented in the reading.lThe response is well organized.lOccasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connect

44、ions.Independent WritinglAddress the writing topic effectively(有效地阐明主题)lWell-organized and well-developed(条理清楚，发展充分)lUse specific details and examples to support your view(论据具体明确)lWord choices and sentence variety(遣词造句能力)1.Read the passage and fill in the blanks with the choice.Task RealizationInteg

45、rated writing:The author explains why global warming is a serious problem.(1)_,the speaker explains the impact of global warming in the northeastern United States.(2)_.Greenhouse gases,such as carbon dioxide,hold heat in the atmosphere and result in rising temperatures on Earth.As average temperatur

46、es rise,there are a number of effects.(3)_,scientists predict that weather patterns will change.In addition,snow and ice will melt and sea levels will rise.This can lead to flooding,drought,and powerful storms.It can also affect the economy,particularly agriculture and transportation.(4)_.The speake

47、r explains the effects of global warming in the northeastern part of the United States.This is a cold and snowy area.(5)_.There are also fewer days with snow on the ground than there used to be.This has an effect on the economy because many people in this part of the world depend on the ski industry

48、 to make a living.The predicted effects of global warming that the author described are already coming true,at least in the northeastern United States.2023-1-231.Choose the best way to complete the thesis statement.A.In contrast B.As a result C.Likewise2.Choose the best main idea for this paragraph.

49、A.The author explains that human activity,such as industry and cutting down forests,has resulted in an artificial increase in greenhouse gases in Earths atmosphere,with serious results.B.The author explains that it is difficult for scientists to come to agreement about whether or not global warming

50、is actually occurring in the world today.C.The author explains that some people believe that greenhouse gases are very harmful,while others are sure that global warming is not such a very serious problem.2023-1-233.Choose the best transition word for this sentence.A.Nevertheless B.First C.However4.C