高考必备语法-非谓语动词课件.pptx
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1、1.非谓语动词的概念及形式:非谓语动词的概念及形式:指的是不能单独作谓语,但同时仍保留动词某些特征的动词形式。非谓语形式有三种:非谓语形式有三种:1、动词不定式:to do 2、动词的ing:doing 3、动词的过去分词:done不定式:表示目的和将来;动词的ing:表示主动和进行;过去分词:表示被动和完成。一般式一般式完成式完成式进行式进行式不定式主动to doto have doneto be doing被动to be doneto have been doneing 形式主动doinghaving done被动being donehaving been done过去分词被动done动词
2、不定式的时态和语态四、非谓语动词的否定形式及复合结构、非谓语动词的否定形式及复合结构 非谓语动词的否定形式:非谓语动词的否定形式:在非谓语动词前加not,never.即 not/never to do,not/never doing 不定式的复合结构不定式的复合结构:for/of sb.to do sth.动词动词 ing 形式的复合结构形式的复合结构:宾格或所有格+doing(-ing 形式作主语时,用的所有格doing)非谓语动词的做题步骤非谓语动词的做题步骤 1、判定是否用非谓语形式。方法:看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了 2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。方法:非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的
3、主语。如果前有名词看非谓语动词和名词之间是否有逻辑关系。3、判断主被动关系。方法:非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。4、判断时间关系。方法:分析句子,看看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。之前常用 done;之后常用to do;同时常用doing1感官动词感官动词see,watch,observe,look at,hear,listen to,notice 等和使役动词等和使役动词have 后面的宾补有三种形式,即原形动词(不后面的宾补有三种形式,即原形动词(不带带to 的不定式)、现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表主动或的不定式)、现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表主动
4、或正在进行,过去分词表被动或完成,动词原形表主动和完成正在进行,过去分词表被动或完成,动词原形表主动和完成。如:I heard her sing an English song just now.刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.昨天经过她房间时,我听见她在唱英文歌。I heard the English song sung many times.我多次听到有人唱这首英文歌。注意:不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表完成和状态。如:I looked down at
5、my neck and found my necklace gone.(状态)I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much.(完成)2leave 后接三种形式作宾补时,其中的后接三种形式作宾补时,其中的leave 保留了原保留了原来之义来之义“留下留下”,但表达的确切之义应是,但表达的确切之义应是“使使处于某处于某种状态)。种状态)。leave sb.doing sth.让某人一直做某事(宾语和宾补之间是主谓关系,表示动作正在进行。)leave sth.undone 留下某事未做(宾语和宾补之间是动宾关系,表示被动和完成,一般以undo
6、ne,unfinished,unsettled,untouched 为多)leave sb.to do sth.留下某人做某事leave sth.to be done 留下某事要做(不定式表示将来的动作。)如:Its wrong of you to leave the machine running.你让机器一直开着是不对的。(主动,正在进行)The guests left most of the dishes untouched,because they didnt taste delicious.客人们没有动大部分菜,因为它们尝起来不可口。(被动,完成)He left,leaving me
7、 to do all the rest work.他走了,留下我一人去做剩余的工所有工作。(主动,将来)We hurriedly ended our meeting,leaving many problems to be settled.我们匆匆忙忙地结束了会议,留下了很多问题等待解决。(被动,将来)3have,get 后接三种形式作宾补时,其中后接三种形式作宾补时,其中have,get 表示表示“使、让、叫使、让、叫”之意。之意。have sth.done=get sth.done“使/让某事由别人去做”(叫/让某人做某事)。如Ill have/get my bike repaired to
8、morrow.此外,have sth.done 还表示“使遭受”之意。如Tom had his leg broken while playing football.Mr.Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.have sb./sth.doing 使/让某人/物持续地做某事(现在分词表示主动,正在进行)get sb./sth.doing 使某人/物开始行动起来如:The peasants had the tractor working day and night at the harvest time.农忙时,农
9、民们让拖拉机夜以继日地干活。The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.休息了片刻之后,上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进起来。注意:“have sb.doing”若用于否定句中,其中have 有“容忍”之意。如:I wont have you speaking to your parents like that.我不会让你那样子跟你的父母说话。Dont have the water running all the time.不要让水流个不停。He was too excited not to say
10、a few words.Give C.As we joined the big crowd I got _ from my friends.having set upIll have/get my bike repaired tomorrow.如:Its wrong of you to leave the machine running.Are you on holiday?非谓语动词的否定形式:在非谓语动词前加not,never.以上动词还可用现在分词作宾语补足语(5+3+2+1-2+4):即以上动词除let,make 外都可以用现在分词作宾语补足语,此外find,catch,keep,ha
11、ve 也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。boiling water 正沸腾的水 boiled water 沸腾过的水(白开水)to be done 留下某事要做(不定式表示将来的动作。不定式的被动式作定语时,表示一个未来的动作。With a lot of difficult problems _,the newly elected president is having a hard time.(Someone has to do the work.admitted C.主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮。so as to 不用于句首。意欲/想/企图做某事 mean doing sth.have se
12、t up D.*下列动词后跟带 have sb.do sth.(get sb.to do sth.)使/让/叫某人去做某事如:Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.=Mother get me to go to the shop and buy some salt.I cant get him to stop smoking.He wont listen to me.advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,intend,invite,like,love,or
13、der,persuade,prefer,require,teach,tell,want,warn,wish,等。An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered to issue clear warning before firing any shots.The teacher asked us not to make so much noise.The flu is believed to be caused by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells insi
14、de the human nose and throat.下列动词后在主动语态中用不带主动语态中用不带to 的不定式作补语,但在被动语态中要加上被动语态中要加上to:它们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉吾看三室两厅一感觉”5看(look at,see,watch,notice,observe);3使(make,let,have);2听(listen to,hear);1感觉(fell)。以上动词还可用现在分词作宾语补足语(5+3+2+1-2+4):即以上动词除let,make 外都可以用现在分词现在分词作宾语补足语,此外find,catch,keep,have 也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。1.At t
15、hat time,I found him crying in the street.2.He was caught stealing.Im sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.3.The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.1作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。如:The Browns have a comfortable house to live in
16、.There is nothing to worry about.Please give me a knife to cut with.Here is some paper for you to write on.但是,不定式所修饰的名词如果是time,place 或way时,不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。如:He had no money and no place to live(in).We found a way to solve this problem(in).2当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时作的承受者时,不定式既可
17、以用主动语态,也可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同。试比较:Have you anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式to send 的动作执行者是“你”)Have you anything to be sent?你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(不定式to be sent 的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”)3用不定式作定语的几种情况:用来用来修饰被序数词、最高级或修饰被序数词、最高级或no,all,any 等限定的中心等限定的中心词。如:词。如:He was the best man to do the job.She was the first woman to win
18、the gold medal in the Olympic Games.Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboats.用来修饰的词是抽象名词时用来修饰的词是抽象名词时,常见的有:ability,chance,idea,fact,excuse,promise,answer,reply,attempt,belief,way,reason,moment,time 等。如:Do you have the ability to read and write English?I have a chance to go sight s
19、eeing.1作定语的及物动词分词形式为:V ing;being+过去分词;当被修饰的名词与分词为主动主动关系时,用V ing;当被修饰的名词与分词为被动被动关系且表正在进行时,用being+done;当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表完成被动关系且表完成时,用done。例如:The houses being built are for the teachers.The broken glass is Toms.I have never seen a more moving movie.2作定语的不及物动词分词形式为:V ing 和过去分词,V ing 表示正在进行;过去分词表示已经完成。如:
20、falling leaves 正落的叶子 fallen leaves 落下的叶子boiling water 正沸腾的水 boiled water 沸腾过的水(白开水)这三种形式作定语,主要是体现在动作的发生时间上。过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,或是没有一定的时间性。Have you read the novel written by Dickens?现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。Listen!The song being sung is very popular with the students.不定式的被动式作定语时,表示
21、一个未来的动作。The question to be discussed at the tomorrows meeting is a very important one.决心学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮。Decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish,refuse,manage,care,pretend,offer,promise,choose,plan,agree,ask/beg,help此外,afford,strive(斗争)等也要用不定式作宾语。例如:She pretended not to see me when
22、 I passed by.We agreed to meet here but so far she hasnt turned up yet.In order to gain a bigger share in the international market,many state-run companies are striving to make their products more competitive.考虑建议盼原谅,承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练,否认完成停欣赏,不禁介意准逃亡。consider/suggest/advise,look forward to,excuse,pard
23、on,admit,delay/put off,fancy,avoid,miss,keep/keep on,practise,deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate,cant help,mind,allow/permit,escape,imagine,forbid,risk。此外be used to,look forward to,lead to,devote to,stick to,object to,get down to,pay attention to,cant stand(无法忍受),give up,feel like,insist on,put off,thank
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