医学精品课件：15.body structure1.ppt

1、Zhengbu liaoThe Department of NeursurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityBody StructureChapter Contents Directional Terms Body Cavities Body Regions Positions Word Parts Pertaining to Body Structure Labeling Exercises Chapter Review Case Study Answer SectionObjectivesAft

2、er study of this chapter you should be able to:1.Define the main directional terms used in anatomy.2.Describe division of the body along three different planes.3.Locate the dorsal and ventral body cavities.4.Locate the nine divisions of the abdomen.5.Locate the four quadrants of the abdomen.6.Descri

3、be the main body positions used in medical practice.7.Define basic terms describing body structure.8.Recognize and use roots pertaining to body regions.9.Recognize and use prefixes pertaining to position and direction.10.Analyze terms pertaining to body structure in case studies.Directional Terms In

4、 describing the location or direction of a given point in the body,it is always assumed that the subject is in the anatomical position,that is,upright,with face front,arms at the sides with palms forward,and feet parallel,as shown in the small diagram in Figure 5-1.In this stance,the terms illustrat

5、ed in Figure 5-1 and listed in Display 5-1 are used to designate relative position.Figure 5-2 illustrates planes of section,that is,directions in which the body can be cut.A frontal plane,also called a coronal plane,is made at right angles to the midline and divides the body into anterior and poster

6、ior parts.A sagittal(SAJ-i-tal)plane passes from front to back and divides the body into right and left portions.If the plane passes through the midline,it is a midsagittal or medial plane.A transverse plane passes horizontally,dividing the body into superior and inferior parts.FIGURE Directional te

7、rms.(Reprinted with permissionfrom Cohen BJ,Wood DL.Memmlers TheHuman Body in Health and Disease.9th Ed.Philadelphia:Lippincott Williams&Wilkins,2000.)Body Cavities Internal organs are located within dorsal and ventral cavities(Fig.5-3).The dorsal cavity contains the brain in the cranial cavity and

8、the spinal cord in the spinal cavity(canal).The uppermost ventral space,the thoracic cavity,is separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm.There is no anatomical separation between the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity,which together make up the abdominopelvic cavity.The large membrane

9、 that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs within it is the peritoneum(peri-to-NE-um).Body Regions For orientation,the abdomen can be divided by imaginary lines into nine regions,which are shown in Figure5-4.The sections down the midline are the epigastric(ep-i-GAS-trik)region,locat

10、ed above the stomach umbilical(um-BIL-i-kal)region,named for the umbilicus,or navel hypogastric(hi-po-GAS-trik)region,located below the stomach.The lateral regions are the:right and left hypochondriac(hi-po-KON-dre-ak)regions,named for their position near the ribs,specifically near the cartilages(ro

11、ot chondr/o)of the ribs,right and left lumbar(LUM-bar)regions,which are located near the small of the back(lumbar region of the spine)right and left iliac(IL-e-ak)regions,named for the upper bone of the hip,the ilium.These regions are also called the inguinal(ING-gwi-nal)regions,with reference to th

12、e groin.More simply,but less precisely,the abdomen can be divided by a single vertical line and a single horizontal line into four sections(Fig.5-5),designated the right upper quadrant(RUQ),left upper quadrant(LUQ),right lower quadrant(RLQ),and left lower quadrant(LLQ).Additional terms for body regi

13、ons are shown in Figures 5-6 and 5-7.You may need to refer to these illustrations as you work through the book.Positions In addition to the anatomical position,there are other standard positions in which the body is placed for examination or medical procedures.The most common of these are described

14、in Display 5-2.Decubitus position：lying down,specifically according to the part of the body resting on a flat surface,as in left or right lateral decubitus,or dorsal or ventral decubitus.Prone：lying face downknee-chest position：on knees,head and upper chest on table,arms crossed above head A beginni

15、ng student in medical science may be surprised by the vast number of names and terms that he or she is required to learn.This responsibility is lightened somewhat by the fact that we are bilaterally symmetrical.That is,aside from some internal organs such as the liver,spleen,stomach,pancreas,and int

16、estine,nearly everything on the right side can be found on the left as well.The skeleton can be figuratively split down the center,giving equal structures on both sides of the midline.Many blood vessels and nerves are paired.BOX 5-1 Cutting the Job in Half This cuts the learning in half.In addition,

17、many of the blood vessels and nerves in a region have the same name.The radial artery,radial vein,and radial nerve are parallel,and all are located along the radius of the forearm.Vessels are commonly named for the organ they supply:the hepatic artery and vein of the liver,the pulmonary artery and v

18、ein of the lungs,the renal artery and vein of the kidney.No one could say that the learning of medical terminology is a snap,but it could be harder!Case Study 5-1:Emergency Care During a triathlon,paramedics responded to a scene with multiple patients involved in a serious bicycle accident.B.R.,a 20

19、-year-old woman,lost control of her bike while descending a hill at approximately 40 mph.As she fell,two other cyclists collided with her,sending all three crashing to the ground.At the scene,B.R.complained of pain in her head,back,chest,and leg.She also had numbness and tingling in her legs and fee

20、t.Other injuries included a cut on her face and on her right arm and an obvious deformity to both her shoulder and knee.She had slight difficulty breathing.The paramedic did a rapid cephalocaudal assessment and immobilized B.R.s neck in a cervical collar.She was secured on a backboard and given oxyg

21、en.After her bleeding was controlled and her injured extremities were immobilized,she was transported to the nearest emergency department.During transport,the paramedic in charge radioed ahead to provide a prehospital report to the charge nurse.His report included the following information:occipital

22、 and frontal head pain;laceration to right temple,superior and anterior to right ear;lumbar pain;bilateral thoracic pain on inspiration at midclavicular line on right and midaxillary line on the left;dull aching pain of the posterior proximal right thigh;bilateral paresthesia(numbness and tingling)o

23、f distal lower legs circumferentially;varus(knock-knee)adduction deformity of left knee;and posterior displacement deformity of left shoulder.At the hospital,the emergency department physician ordered radiographs for B.R.Before the procedure,the radiology technologist positioned a lead gonadal shiel

24、d centered on the midsagittal line above B.R.s symphysis pubis to protect her ovaries from unnecessary irradiation by the primary beam.The technologist knew that gonadal shielding is important for female patients undergoing imaging of the lumbar spine,sacroiliac joints,acetabula,pelvis,and kidneys.Shields should not be used for any examination in which an acute abdominal condition is suspected.47