侯一平教授兰州大学基础医学院解剖教研室课件.ppt

1、运动系统兰州大学基础医学院人体解剖教研室January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG运动系统运动系统由骨、关节、骨骼肌构成。由骨、关节、骨骼肌构成。骨借关节相连形成骨骼，骨骼支持体骨借关节相连形成骨骼，骨骼支持体重，保护内脏。重，保护内脏。骨骼肌附着于骨，在神经系统支配下骨骼肌附着于骨，在神经系统支配下收缩舒张，以关节为支点牵引骨改变收缩舒张，以关节为支点牵引骨改变位置，产生运动。位置，产生运动。January

2、,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG骨骨 学学第一节第一节 总论总论第二节第二节 中轴骨骼中轴骨骼第三节第三节 附肢骨骼附肢骨骼January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 总 论骨骨（bonebone）是人体重要的器官之是人体重要的

3、器官之一，骨组织主要由骨细胞、胶原一，骨组织主要由骨细胞、胶原纤维和基质等构成。外被骨膜，纤维和基质等构成。外被骨膜，内容骨髓，含有丰富的血管、淋内容骨髓，含有丰富的血管、淋巴管及神经；是人体钙、磷的储巴管及神经；是人体钙、磷的储存库，参与体内钙、磷代谢。骨存库，参与体内钙、磷代谢。骨髓有造血功能。髓有造血功能。January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 总 论一一骨的分类骨的分类二、二、骨的表面形态骨的表面

4、形态三、三、骨的构造骨的构造四、四、骨的化学成分和物理性质骨的化学成分和物理性质五、五、骨的发生和发育骨的发生和发育六、六、骨的可塑性骨的可塑性January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 骨的分类按形态，骨可分为按形态，骨可分为4 4类：类：u长骨长骨long bone u短骨短骨short bone u扁骨扁骨flat bone u不规则骨不规则骨irregular bone 长骨January,2007C

5、opyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 短骨不规则骨扁骨骨的表面形态骨的表面形态u骨面的突起骨面的突起u骨端的膨大骨端的膨大January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 骨的表面形态骨的表面形态u骨面的凹陷骨面的凹陷u骨的空腔骨的空腔January

6、,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 骨的构造骨的构造January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG u骨质骨质u骨膜骨膜 u骨髓骨髓u骨的血管、淋巴管骨的血管、淋巴管和神经和神经January,2007Copyright Depart

7、.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 骨的化学成分和物理性质骨的化学成分和物理性质January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 骨骨主要由主要由有机质有机质和和无机质无机质组成。组成。两种成分的比例，随年龄的增长而发生变化：两种成分的比例，随年龄的增长而发生变化：幼儿时期幼儿

8、时期骨的有机质和无机质各占一半，故骨的有机质和无机质各占一半，故弹性较大，柔软，易发生变形。弹性较大，柔软，易发生变形。成年人成年人骨有机质和无机质的比例约为骨有机质和无机质的比例约为3：7，最为合适，因而骨具有很大硬度和一定的弹最为合适，因而骨具有很大硬度和一定的弹性，较坚韧。性，较坚韧。老年人老年人的骨无机质所占比例更大，骨的脆性的骨无机质所占比例更大，骨的脆性较大，易发生骨折。较大，易发生骨折。骨的发生和发育骨的发生和发育骨的发生骨的发生骨的发育骨的发育January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou Univer

9、sity.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song骨的可塑性骨的可塑性 骨的基本形态骨的基本形态是由遗传因子调控的。是由遗传因子调控的。影响骨生长发育的因素影响骨生长发育的因素：神经、内分泌、营养、疾病及其它物理化学因素、环境因素等。骨折后，骨折后，折断处有骨痂形成。骨折愈合的初期，骨折断处有骨痂形成。骨折愈合的初期，骨痂颇不规则，经过一定时间的吸收和改建，骨可基痂颇不规则，经过一定时间的吸收和改建，骨可基本恢复原貌。本恢复原貌。January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lan

10、zhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song中轴骨骼中轴骨骼一、躯干骨一、躯干骨二、二、颅颅(一一)椎骨椎骨(二二)胸骨胸骨(三三)肋肋(一一)脑颅骨脑颅骨(二二)面颅骨面颅骨(三三)颅的整体观颅的整体观(四四)新生儿颅的特征及生后的变化新生儿颅的特征及生后的变化January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song椎椎 骨骨幼年时为

11、幼年时为3232或或3333块，分为块，分为颈椎颈椎7 7块，块，胸椎胸椎1212块，块，腰椎腰椎5 5块，块，骶椎骶椎5 5块，块，尾椎尾椎3-43-4块。块。成年后成年后5 5块骶椎融合成块骶椎融合成骶骨骶骨，3-43-4块尾块尾椎长合成椎长合成尾骨尾骨。January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song椎骨的一般形态椎骨的一般形态 椎骨由椎骨由椎体椎体vertebral body和和椎弓椎弓verteb

12、ral arch构成。构成。椎体和椎弓共同围成椎体和椎弓共同围成椎孔椎孔vertebral foramenJanuary 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song 椎弓根椎弓根上、下切迹上、下切迹椎间孔椎间孔 椎弓板椎弓板棘突棘突 横突横突 关节突关节突各部椎骨的主要特征各部椎骨的主要特征胸椎胸椎u胸椎胸椎 thoracic vertebrae椎体椎体横断面呈心形。横断面呈心形。上、下肋凹上、下肋凹，在椎体的后外侧

13、上下缘处。，在椎体的后外侧上下缘处。椎孔椎孔小而圆。小而圆。横突肋凹横突肋凹，在横突的前面。，在横突的前面。棘突棘突较长，向后下方倾斜，呈叠瓦状排列。较长，向后下方倾斜，呈叠瓦状排列。上、下关节突关节面上、下关节突关节面几乎呈冠状位。几乎呈冠状位。January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song各部椎骨的主要特征各部椎骨的主要特征胸椎胸椎Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of

14、Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF SongJanuary 07各部椎骨的主要特征各部椎骨的主要特征颈椎颈椎u颈椎颈椎 cervical vertebrae椎体椎体较小，横断面较小，横断面椭圆形椭圆形。椎孔椎孔较大，呈三角形。较大，呈三角形。横突横突有孔，称有孔，称横突孔。横突孔。上、上、下关节突关节面下关节突关节面几乎呈几乎呈水平位水平位。January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All

15、 rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF SongJanuary 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song各部椎骨的主要特征各部椎骨的主要特征颈椎颈椎各部椎骨的主要特征各部椎骨的主要特征颈椎颈椎January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved b

16、y Prof.YP Hou and YF Song各部椎骨的主要特征各部椎骨的主要特征腰椎腰椎u腰椎腰椎 lumbar vertebrae椎体椎体大，横断面呈肾形。大，横断面呈肾形。椎孔椎孔呈卵圆形或三角形。呈卵圆形或三角形。上、下关节突关节面上、下关节突关节面几乎呈矢状位，几乎呈矢状位，棘突棘突宽而短，呈板状，水平伸向后方。宽而短，呈板状，水平伸向后方。各棘突间的间隙各棘突间的间隙较宽，临床上可于此作腰椎穿较宽，临床上可于此作腰椎穿刺术。刺术。January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.Al

17、l rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF SongJanuary 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song各部椎骨的主要特征各部椎骨的主要特征腰椎腰椎骶骨和尾骨骶骨和尾骨January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP H

18、ou and YF Song胸胸 骨骨胸骨胸骨分分柄柄、体体和和剑突剑突三部分。三部分。u胸骨柄胸骨柄颈静脉切迹颈静脉切迹u胸骨体胸骨体u剑突剑突胸骨角胸骨角 sternal angleJanuary 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song计数肋计数肋的重要的重要标志标志肋肋u肋骨肋骨 costal bone 肋头肋头costal head肋颈肋颈costal neck结节结节costal tubercle肋体肋

19、体shaft of rib 肋沟肋沟costal groove肋角肋角costal angleu肋软骨肋软骨costal cartilageJanuary 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song肋肋costal 由由肋骨肋骨与与肋软骨肋软骨构成，共构成，共12 对。对。颅颅颅颅skullskull 位于脊柱上方，由位于脊柱上方，由2323块颅骨围成块颅骨围成(中耳的中耳的3 3对听小骨未计入对听小骨未计入)，颅骨

20、多为扁，颅骨多为扁骨或不规则骨。骨或不规则骨。除下颌骨和舌骨以外，其他的颅骨借缝或除下颌骨和舌骨以外，其他的颅骨借缝或软骨牢固连结。软骨牢固连结。颅分为后上部的颅分为后上部的脑颅脑颅和前下部的和前下部的面颅面颅，二，二者以眶上缘和外耳上缘的连线为分界线。者以眶上缘和外耳上缘的连线为分界线。January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song脑颅骨脑颅骨u脑颅脑颅由由8 8块骨围成。其中：块骨围成。其中：不成对的

21、有不成对的有额骨额骨、筛骨筛骨、蝶骨蝶骨、枕骨枕骨。成对的有成对的有颞骨颞骨、顶骨顶骨。January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Songu额骨额骨、筛骨筛骨、蝶骨蝶骨、枕骨枕骨和和颞骨颞骨、顶骨顶骨共同共同 构成构成颅腔颅腔。颅腔的顶颅腔的顶是穹窿形的是穹窿形的颅盖颅盖 calvaria，由，由额骨额骨、顶骨顶骨和和枕骨枕骨构成。构成。颅腔的底颅腔的底由中部的由中部的蝶骨蝶骨、后方的、后方的枕骨枕骨、两侧的

22、、两侧的颞骨颞骨、前方的、前方的额骨额骨和和筛骨筛骨构成。筛骨只有一小构成。筛骨只有一小部分参与脑颅，其余构成面颅。部分参与脑颅，其余构成面颅。脑颅骨脑颅骨额额 骨骨January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song脑颅骨脑颅骨筛筛 骨骨January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights res

23、erved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song脑颅骨脑颅骨蝶蝶 骨骨January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song脑颅骨脑颅骨蝶蝶 骨骨January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song脑颅骨脑颅骨枕骨

24、枕骨January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song脑颅骨脑颅骨枕骨枕骨January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song脑颅骨脑颅骨颞骨颞骨January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,Schoo

25、l of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song面颅骨面颅骨u面颅由15块面颅骨构成。其中：成对的骨有上颌骨、腭骨、颧骨、鼻骨、泪骨、下鼻甲；不成对的有犁骨、下颌骨、舌骨。u面颅骨围成眶腔、鼻腔和口腔。January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song面颅骨面颅骨下颌骨下颌骨January 07Cop

26、yright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song一体两支：下颌体下颌支颏孔下颌头下颌角面颅骨面颅骨下颌骨下颌骨January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song面颅骨面颅骨舌舌 骨January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy

27、,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song面颅骨面颅骨上颌骨上颌骨January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song成对，构成颜面的中央部，可分为一体四突：上颌体上颌体u额突额突u颧突颧突u牙槽突牙槽突u腭突腭突面颅骨面颅骨上颌骨上颌骨January 07Copyright Depa

28、rt.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song面颅骨面颅骨腭骨腭骨January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song呈呈L型，分为型，分为水平板水平板和和垂直板垂直板两部。两部。水平板组成骨腭的后份，水平板组成骨腭的后份，垂直板构成鼻腔外侧壁的后份。垂直板构成鼻腔外侧

29、壁的后份。面颅骨面颅骨腭骨腭骨January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song颅的整体观颅的整体观一、一、颅顶面观颅顶面观二、二、颅后面观颅后面观三、三、颅底内面观颅底内面观四、四、颅底外面观颅底外面观五、五、颅侧面观颅侧面观六、六、颅前面观颅前面观January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rig

30、hts reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song颅顶面观颅顶面观January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song冠状缝矢状缝人字缝顶孔颅后面观颅后面观January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF

31、Song枕外隆突上项线下项线颅颅底底内面观内面观January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song颅前窝颅前窝颅中窝颅中窝颅后窝颅后窝颅底外面观颅底外面观January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song颅侧面观颅侧面观Ja

32、nuary 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song外耳门乳突颧弓颞窝颞下窝颞线翼点翼腭窝颅前面观颅前面观January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song 分为分为额区、眶、骨性鼻额区、眶、骨性鼻腔腔和和骨性口腔骨性口腔。额区额

33、区：为眶以上的部分，：为眶以上的部分，由额鳞构成。由额鳞构成。眶眶：为底朝前外，尖向后：为底朝前外，尖向后内的一对四棱锥形深腔，内的一对四棱锥形深腔，可分上、下、内侧、外侧可分上、下、内侧、外侧四壁，容纳眼球及附属结四壁，容纳眼球及附属结构。构。颅前面观颅前面观January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song骨性鼻腔骨性鼻腔January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School

34、of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song颅前面观颅前面观鼻旁窦，鼻旁窦，位于鼻腔周围并开口于鼻腔的位于鼻腔周围并开口于鼻腔的颅骨的含气骨的空腔。颅骨的含气骨的空腔。颅前面观颅前面观鼻旁窦鼻旁窦January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Songu名称及开口名称及开口 额窦额窦 开口于中鼻道前部开口于

35、中鼻道前部 筛窦筛窦 前、中群开口于中鼻道，后群开口于前、中群开口于中鼻道，后群开口于上鼻道。上鼻道。蝶窦蝶窦 开口于蝶筛隐窝开口于蝶筛隐窝 上颌窦上颌窦 开口于中鼻道开口于中鼻道January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF SongJanuary 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserve

36、d by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song颅前面观颅前面观 骨性口腔，由上颌骨、腭骨和下颌骨骨性口腔，由上颌骨、腭骨和下颌骨围成。围成。新生儿颅的特征及生后的变化新生儿颅的特征及生后的变化January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song附肢骨骼一、上肢骨一、上肢骨二、下肢骨二、下肢骨(一一)上肢带骨上肢带骨(二二)自由上肢骨自由上肢骨(三三)上肢骨常见的变异和畸形上肢骨常见的变异和畸形(一一)

37、下肢带骨下肢带骨(二二)自由下肢骨自由下肢骨(三三)下肢骨常见的变异和畸形下肢骨常见的变异和畸形January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song上肢带骨上肢带骨锁骨锁骨January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song内侧

38、2/3凸向前，外侧1/3凸向后，交界处易骨折上肢带骨上肢带骨肩胛骨肩胛骨January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song为三角形扁骨，可分为：二面：腹侧面和背侧面三缘：上缘、内侧缘和外侧缘三个角：上角、下角和外侧角上肢带骨上肢带骨肩胛骨肩胛骨January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights

39、reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song肩胛下窝肩胛冈冈上窝冈下窝喙突关节盂自由上肢骨自由上肢骨肱骨肱骨January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song分为一体和上、下两端。自由上肢骨自由上肢骨桡骨桡骨、尺骨、尺骨January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights

40、 reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song 桡骨桡骨位于前臂外侧位于前臂外侧部，分一体两端。部，分一体两端。上端为上端为桡骨头桡骨头，下，下端为端为茎突茎突。尺骨尺骨居前臂内侧部，居前臂内侧部，分一体两端。上端分一体两端。上端的前面为的前面为滑车切迹滑车切迹，切迹的后上方为切迹的后上方为鹰鹰嘴嘴，下端为，下端为尺骨头。尺骨头。前面观后面观自由上肢骨自由上肢骨手骨手骨January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.

41、YP Hou and YF Song包括腕骨、掌骨、和指骨。腕骨腕骨 8块：近侧列由桡侧向尺侧：舟月三角豆舟月三角豆；远侧列由桡侧向尺侧：大小头状钩大小头状钩。掌骨掌骨 5块 指骨指骨14块自由上肢骨自由上肢骨手骨手骨January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song前面观后面观上肢骨常见的变异和畸形上肢骨常见的变异和畸形u 锁骨锁骨：可见先天性锁骨缺如。：可见先天性锁骨缺如。u 肱骨肱骨：冠突窝与鹰嘴窝之间

42、出现穿孔，称滑车上孔，：冠突窝与鹰嘴窝之间出现穿孔，称滑车上孔，内上髁上方有时出现向下突起，称髁上突，借韧带内上髁上方有时出现向下突起，称髁上突，借韧带连于内上髁，韧带若骨化则形成髁上孔。连于内上髁，韧带若骨化则形成髁上孔。u 桡骨桡骨：可部分或全部缺如。：可部分或全部缺如。u 尺骨尺骨：鹰嘴与尺骨干可不融合。：鹰嘴与尺骨干可不融合。u 腕骨腕骨：可出现二分舟骨。：可出现二分舟骨。u 掌骨、指骨掌骨、指骨：可出现多指或并指。：可出现多指或并指。January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All

43、 rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song下肢带骨下肢带骨髋骨髋骨January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Songu髋骨髋骨 hip bone：由髂骨、耻骨和坐骨组成。左右髋由髂骨、耻骨和坐骨组成。左右髋骨与骶骨、尾骨围成骨盆。骨与骶骨、尾骨围成骨盆。髂骨髂骨illum构成髋骨的上部，分为髂骨体和髂骨翼两部。构成髋骨的上部，分为髂骨体和髂骨翼两部。坐骨坐骨isch

44、ium构成髋骨的下部，分为坐骨体及坐骨支两部分。构成髋骨的下部，分为坐骨体及坐骨支两部分。耻骨耻骨pubis构成髋骨的前下部，可分为耻骨体及上、下支两部构成髋骨的前下部，可分为耻骨体及上、下支两部分。分。u髋臼髋臼 acetabulum：由髂、坐、耻三骨的体构成。窝由髂、坐、耻三骨的体构成。窝内半月形的关节面称内半月形的关节面称月状面月状面。髋臼边缘下部的缺口。髋臼边缘下部的缺口称称髋臼切迹髋臼切迹。下肢带骨下肢带骨髋骨髋骨January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights re

45、served by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song内面观下肢带骨下肢带骨髋骨髋骨January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song内面观外面观自由下肢骨自由下肢骨股骨股骨January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and Y

46、F Song股骨股骨 femur：人体最长最人体最长最结实的长骨，分为一体两结实的长骨，分为一体两端。端。上端为股骨头上端为股骨头下端为两个膨大下端为两个膨大 内侧髁内侧髁 外侧髁外侧髁前面观后面观自由下肢骨自由下肢骨髌骨髌骨January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song髌骨髌骨 patella：人体最大的籽骨。上宽下尖，前面粗糙，后面为关节面。自由下肢骨自由下肢骨胫骨、腓骨胫骨、腓骨January 07

47、Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song胫骨 tibia：位于小腿内侧部。上端膨大，为内侧髁和外侧髁；上端膨大，为内侧髁和外侧髁；下端稍膨大，其内下方为内踝。下端稍膨大，其内下方为内踝。腓骨 fibula：位于胫骨外后方。上端膨大，称腓骨头；上端膨大，称腓骨头；下端稍膨大，称外踝。下端稍膨大，称外踝。自由下肢骨自由下肢骨胫骨、腓骨胫骨、腓骨January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,Schoo

48、l of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song前面观后面观右侧自由下肢骨自由下肢骨足骨足骨January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song包括跗骨、跖骨和趾骨。跗骨跗骨 tarsal bone：共7块。可分为前、中、后三列。后列：距骨和跟骨后列：距骨和跟骨 中间列：足舟骨中间列：足舟骨 前列：内侧

49、楔骨、中间楔骨、外侧楔骨和骰骨。前列：内侧楔骨、中间楔骨、外侧楔骨和骰骨。跖骨跖骨 metatarsal bones：共5块 趾骨趾骨 phalanges of the toes：共14块 自由下肢骨自由下肢骨足骨足骨January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song上面观下面观下肢骨常见的变异和畸形下肢骨常见的变异和畸形u髋骨髋骨：髂窝穿孔，耻坐支不长合。：髂窝穿孔，耻坐支不长合。u股骨股骨：臀肌粗隆异常粗

50、大，形成第：臀肌粗隆异常粗大，形成第3 3转子。转子。u髌骨髌骨：可缺如或为二分髌骨。：可缺如或为二分髌骨。u距骨距骨：后下部和前上部可出现三角股和距上骨。：后下部和前上部可出现三角股和距上骨。u楔骨楔骨：内侧和中间楔骨之间可出现楔间骨。：内侧和中间楔骨之间可出现楔间骨。u跖骨跖骨：第：第1 1与第与第2 2跖骨之间可出现跖间骨。跖骨之间可出现跖间骨。u趾骨趾骨：多趾。：多趾。January 07Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou an