四六级作文第四讲句子和篇章课件.ppt

1、四级作文辅导四级作文辅导n文体统一文体统一n四级应试作文应是正式文体的文章，不宜四级应试作文应是正式文体的文章，不宜使用非正式的语句。使用非正式的语句。n阅卷老师常发现有的考生在一篇很正式的阅卷老师常发现有的考生在一篇很正式的议论文中用以下的句子结束本文：议论文中用以下的句子结束本文：Ok,this is what I want to say.Thats my opinion.Do you agree with me?Thats all,thank you.等等等等.使文章显得“不伦不类”n文字连贯文字连贯n一篇好文章要注重语言的连贯性。连贯性主要体现在句子与句子、段落与段落的衔接上，这种衔接

2、主要通过衔接来实现，以达到文章通顺、语言流畅的效果。例如：nIt is clear that television news can bring us events of importance,such as wars,games and so on,but it cannot cover stories in detail because of its time limitation.In contrast,printed news excels in its ability to devote much space to a story,though it cannot compete w

3、ith television visually.nsuch as，but，because of，in contrast,though这些衔接词把句子从语义上连接起来，形成一个有机的整体，读起来犹如行云流水，自然酣畅。n内容一致内容一致n要删除与主题内容不符的句子和多余的词要删除与主题内容不符的句子和多余的词语，否则，一是破坏了文章的一致性，二语，否则，一是破坏了文章的一致性，二是有是有“凑字数凑字数”之嫌。例如：之嫌。例如：nScientists fear that nuclear energy will one day destroy us.They say that the explosi

4、on of a nuclear bomb can kill millions of people and cause disease in later generation.Because of limited energy resources,scientists are studying the possibilities of nuclear power.And any failure from a nuclear plant can work enormous damage to the area.Whats more,up to now people have not discove

5、red a safe way to dispose of radioactive wastes.n与主题不符，也与第与主题不符，也与第 句不连贯，应删除句不连贯，应删除 n词语多样词语多样n单词、句型使用的多样化不仅增强了文章单词、句型使用的多样化不仅增强了文章的可读性，与此同时也可以反映出考生的的可读性，与此同时也可以反映出考生的词汇量和语言掌握的程度。考生在举例说词汇量和语言掌握的程度。考生在举例说明的段落中尤其要注意词语的多样性。例明的段落中尤其要注意词语的多样性。例如，在列举五种污染源时，下面的文字表如，在列举五种污染源时，下面的文字表达值得学习达值得学习。nIn a typical

6、city there are five main sources of air pollution.Waste disposal is the least importantit causes only 3%of the total pollution.Heating accounts for 6%.The next most important sources is power plantsthey account for 14%;and 17%of the pollution in the air comes from industry.But by far the most seriou

7、s cause of the air pollution is cars;cars alone cause 60%of air pollution in most large cities.n符合试题要求符合试题要求n无论是什么形式的作文都有写作内容上的要求。考生在动笔前一定要先看清写作内容上的要求，以确保文章符合试题所有的要求。n语言流畅语言流畅n阅卷教师认为，语言流畅、文章通顺、表阅卷教师认为，语言流畅、文章通顺、表达准确是考生得高分的基础。例如达准确是考生得高分的基础。例如：nLast year the British public spend two hundred million p

8、ounds on pet food alone,to say nothing of animal care bills and furniture.It is difficult not to feel resentful about this when one considers what the same amount could do for victims of starvation and poverty,and it is not unusual for me to get hot under the collar when I read about another old per

9、son who has spent all his/her money on a dog or cat.n首尾呼应n写作时注意到上面几项内容可以为文章增色添彩，用阅卷者的行话说就是富于“闪光点”，也就是具备了加分的因素。此外，更重要的一点是要注意文章的完整性，即首尾要呼应。n如文章题目为Health，其首尾的呼应是：nIt is clear that health is the foundation of ones future success.As the proverb say,“No one knows the value of health until he loses it.”In

10、other words,nothing is more valuable than health.nnIn conclusion,if you want your wish to come true,health is the most important ingredient of your success.n检查到位检查到位n这个重要环节往往被考生忽略，实践证明因为少了这个环节所造成的后果真可谓是“功亏一篑”。在阅卷过程中，时不时会发现“本不该发生的错误”，如：ourself;ourself;thinkedthinked;the person who are,;the person who

11、 are,而这些会“酿成不良后果”的错误完全可在一两分钟的时间内检查、修改完成。所以，在写完短文后，一定要耐心地再读一遍，即可避免这些“不应该发生的错误”。n考生在检查修改时应着重注意以下考生在检查修改时应着重注意以下三个方面三个方面的内的内容容：n拼写错误看似小事，但事关重大。n语法错误如果把作文中常见的语法错误让考生作为改错题来修改，考生本人都会觉得不可思议，所以考生应特别注意这些问题：时态、语态、语气、单复数、主谓语一致、拼写、大小写和标点符合等。n句子完整与否考生往往因为定语太长而忽略了主句的完整，通过检查，这类错误便一目了然。因为有了动笔前充分的准备（即审题），文章一般不会跑题，所有

12、文章不需大改动。a.翻译式作文翻译式作文。例例:How I Finance My college EducationMany peoples in order their son or daughter to learn more knowledges at college have to work hard.Of course,we students can have different ways to get tuition and fees.We can borrow money from bank,find a part-time job or ask our relatives.I

13、have a good family.I believe my parents can support my study.I have idea to do everything.So I think the tuitions and fees paid by my parents I feel its the best way for me.I believe after I leave college I will earn big money to do a lot of things.Certainly,I will lend to my parents.The First Day I

14、 Came to CollegeI always remember the first day I come to college.It was a sunny day and I was very excited.I have arrived at the college in the afternoon.Everything had seemed fresh to me.The campus was beautiful.The college is located at the foot of a Mountain and was surrounded with trees.To the

15、east of it we can see a blue river.b.时态混杂时态混杂。例例:Job InterviewIf you want to find a good job,you must pay attention to your speech,dress and manner.These are so important,because the interviewer will see if you speak politely and dress well.c.没啥可写没啥可写。例例:Failure Is The Mother of SuccessBecause we of

16、ten fail.No failure no success.Different people have different attitudes toward failure.Failure is natural.If we are not afraid of failure,it will become the mother of success.Failure is very important.No pains no gains.Failure can lead to success.Fake CommoditiesFake commodities are bad to us.They

17、not only are bad to our life,but also bad to our health.In a store,even a supermarket,all kind of fake commodities always can be found.It is very harmful to customers,society and even to a country.Traveling1)I think traveling is really good to everyone of us.Do you agree with me,my dear friend?2)Do

18、you like traveling?Probably you will say“Yes,I like it very much!”Thats right.d.套近乎套近乎:e.主题模糊主题模糊。例例:The First Day I Came to CollegeAs I was very tired from the journey to the college,I went to bed earlier than usual.At mid night,I suddenly woke up.I found that there was no gate in the college.如何用恰当

19、的英语词语来表达意思，是初习作文者最为头疼的。有些同学觉得英语作文的困难，就是词语的困难。甚至竟有词语出不来，情急之下用汉语或拼音来表达某个意思的现象。Im a student of Hunan University.Im studying in Tumu Department.I like my major very much.尽管这样做是不得已而为之，但多少反映了英语作文时的窘态。作文不同于阅读练习和词汇练习，不仅要有一定词汇量和词语辨析能力，更要求能较熟练和恰当的运用所学过的词语。要正确和恰当地用词语表达意思，首先必须意识到英语词语和汉语词语并非是一一对应的。试比较两篇中英对照的作文：时

20、间就是生命。常言说：一寸光阴一寸金。时间就是生命。常言说：一寸光阴一寸金。的确，钱用完了可以再挣。但时间一去将永的确，钱用完了可以再挣。但时间一去将永不复返。从这一点上说，时间是无价的。不复返。从这一点上说，时间是无价的。Time is life.A Chinese proverb says,“Time is as precious as gold.”Actually,when money is spent,it can be regained.But when time is gone,it will never come back.In this sense,time is invalua

21、ble.我们都知道，生命是短促的，时间也是有我们都知道，生命是短促的，时间也是有限的。因此，很多人能够利用一切可利用的时限的。因此，很多人能够利用一切可利用的时间努力学习和工作。以便在有生之年多做一点间努力学习和工作。以便在有生之年多做一点力所能及的事。但也有一些人，终日无所事事，力所能及的事。但也有一些人，终日无所事事，胡思乱想，或闲聊着打发日子。到头来，这些胡思乱想，或闲聊着打发日子。到头来，这些人终将追悔莫及。人终将追悔莫及。It is generally acknowledged that life is short and time is limited.So many people

22、 will try to make the best use of their time to study and work.In this way they can accomplish as much as they wish during their lifetime.But some people just idle away their time by daydreaming or talking nonsense.Surely,it will be too late for them to regret when they come to know the value of tim

23、e.年青人都有自己的理想和抱负。要使理想年青人都有自己的理想和抱负。要使理想和抱负变为现实，就必须抓紧时间。为了充分和抱负变为现实，就必须抓紧时间。为了充分利用时间，最好制定一个可行的时间表。必须利用时间，最好制定一个可行的时间表。必须做到今日事今日毕。此外，业余时间也可以充做到今日事今日毕。此外，业余时间也可以充分利用。总之，科学地利用时间，必将得到最分利用。总之，科学地利用时间，必将得到最大的回报。大的回报。Young people should be ambitious.To reach ones goal,a person must spend his time efficiently

24、.In order to make the full use of time,it is advisable to work out a feasible timetable for things to be done.We are not supposed to leave todays work till tomorrow.Moreover,an awareness of the odds of time is very important.On the whole,it pays to spend time scientifically.要用好所学的词语，平时阅读时就一定要用好所学的词语

25、，平时阅读时就一定得注意认真观察文章中使自己心动的词语，得注意认真观察文章中使自己心动的词语，细心体会。虽然阅读的目的主要是为了摄取细心体会。虽然阅读的目的主要是为了摄取信息，但如果多加信息，但如果多加留意留意，则可以发现一些用，则可以发现一些用得很有特色的词语。遇到这样的词语，不妨得很有特色的词语。遇到这样的词语，不妨抄录抄录下来，多揣摩几遍，并尝试着用到自己下来，多揣摩几遍，并尝试着用到自己的作文中，这样便可逐渐的作文中，这样便可逐渐积累积累一笔不小的财一笔不小的财富。请看下面的汉语句子，认真想一想，再富。请看下面的汉语句子，认真想一想，再比较英语的表达。比较英语的表达。1.时间是医治一切

26、创伤的良药。时间是医治一切创伤的良药。2.这美丽的一刻深深印在我脑海中。这美丽的一刻深深印在我脑海中。3.这个世界永远属于追梦的人。这个世界永远属于追梦的人。4.世界的悲剧就在于有想象力又缺乏经验，世界的悲剧就在于有想象力又缺乏经验，而 有 经 验 的 人 又 缺 乏 想 象 力。而 有 经 验 的 人 又 缺 乏 想 象 力。5.我们必须接受有限的失望，但我们绝不可我们必须接受有限的失望，但我们绝不可失去无限的希望。失去无限的希望。6.要说服别人，先得说服自己。要说服别人，先得说服自己。1.时间是医治一切创伤的良药。时间是医治一切创伤的良药。2.这美丽的一刻深深印在我脑海中这美丽的一刻深深印

27、在我脑海中。3.这个世界永远属于追梦的人。这个世界永远属于追梦的人。4.世界的悲剧就在于有想象力又缺乏经验，世界的悲剧就在于有想象力又缺乏经验，而 有 经 验 的 人 又 缺 乏 想 象 力。而 有 经 验 的 人 又 缺 乏 想 象 力。5.我们必须接受有限的失望，但我们绝不可我们必须接受有限的失望，但我们绝不可失去无限的希望。失去无限的希望。6.要说服别人，先得说服自己。要说服别人，先得说服自己。1.Time cures all things.2.This moment of beauty has been firmly locked in my mind.n3.The world alw

28、ays makes way for the dreamern4.The tragedy of the world is that those who are imaginative have but slight experience,and those who are experienced have feeble imaginations.5.We must accept finite disappointment,but we must never lose infinite hope.6.If you would convince others,you seem open to con

29、viction yourself.根据新大纲的要求根据新大纲的要求,四、六级作文的字数为四、六级作文的字数为120词词150词。按平均每个句子词。按平均每个句子78个词计算，个词计算，一篇作文约十几个句子。而不少考生往往问题一篇作文约十几个句子。而不少考生往往问题就出在这十几个句子上。如果掌握了一定的句就出在这十几个句子上。如果掌握了一定的句型并能熟练运用，就会省去很多烦恼，也可避型并能熟练运用，就会省去很多烦恼，也可避免不必要的造句错误。免不必要的造句错误。1.众所周知众所周知，因特网在社会发展中，因特网在社会发展中发挥着日益重要的作用。发挥着日益重要的作用。It is generally

30、acknowledged(believed/recognized)that the Internet is playing a more and more important role in the development of our society.2.现在，越来越多的人意识到现在，越来越多的人意识到保护环境保护环境就意味着保护人类自身。就意味着保护人类自身。At present,more and more people become aware of the fact that the protection of the global environment means the prot

31、ection of human beings.3.随着随着移动电话和因特网移动电话和因特网的普及的普及，通讯，通讯变得极为快捷和便利。变得极为快捷和便利。With the popularity of mobile phone and the Internet,communication becomes very fast and convenient 4.说到说到健康更重要还是金钱更重要，健康更重要还是金钱更重要，不同年龄的人可能会有不同的看法。不同年龄的人可能会有不同的看法。When it comes to the importance of wealth and health,people

32、 of different ages may have different opinions.5.必要的营养对健康是有益的。必要的营养对健康是有益的。但但营养营养过度则会导致疾病。过度则会导致疾病。It is true that necessary nutrition is good to our health.But it is also true that too much nutrition will result in illness.6.常识告诉我们常识告诉我们，一个人无论多么富有，没有好一个人无论多么富有，没有好的身体，他永远无法享受自己的财富。的身体，他永远无法享受自己的财富。C

33、ommon sense tells us that not matter how rich a person is,he can never enjoy his wealth if he is in poor health.7.我认为我认为，电视和电影对人们的影响，电视和电影对人们的影响 不可忽视的。不可忽视的。As I see it,the influence of television and movies over people cannot be ignored.8.有迹象表明有迹象表明，不重视忽视身体锻炼的，不重视忽视身体锻炼的学生越来越少了。学生越来越少了。There are in

34、dications that the number of students who ignore the physical exercises is becoming smaller.9.从这一意义而言从这一意义而言，教师要视教学为生命，教师要视教学为生命的一部分是很不容易的。的一部分是很不容易的。In this sense,it is not easy to be a teacher who regards teaching as part of his/her life.10.在所有的在所有的科目中，计算机和英语科目中，计算机和英语是是求求职中职中最重要的最重要的。Of all the c

35、ourses,computer science and English are the most significant and realistic in job hunting.11.毫无疑问毫无疑问，掌握一定的句型对英语写，掌握一定的句型对英语写作有很大的帮助。作有很大的帮助。Undoubtedly,the mastery of a certain number of sentence patterns will be helpful to English writing.12.一个要一个要求得一份理想的工作求得一份理想的工作的人的人，必必须首先须首先具有良好的自信心。具有良好的自信心。A

36、 student who desires to find an ideal job must know that confidence is of great importance in employment.13.事实是事实是，不重视健康的人，很可能会，不重视健康的人，很可能会疾病缠身，甚至英年早世。疾病缠身，甚至英年早世。The truth is that some people who do not take care of their health will suffer a great deal from their illness or even die young.14.如果我们

37、说如果我们说家庭给人提供了成长的环家庭给人提供了成长的环境，境，但我们也得承认但我们也得承认朋友对一个人的朋友对一个人的思想形成有重要的影响。思想形成有重要的影响。If we say that family offers the environment for ones living,we must point out that friends also play an important part in shaping our idea.15.如果一个人如果一个人没有良好的体魄，没有良好的体魄，他绝不他绝不可能可能在事业和生活上取得成功。在事业和生活上取得成功。No one will exp

38、ect to achieve success in his work or life if he does not have a sound body.16.综上所述，我们可以得出如下结论：综上所述，我们可以得出如下结论：珍惜时间的人一定会得到最大的回报。珍惜时间的人一定会得到最大的回报。From what has been discussed above,we may draw the conclusion that a person who is wealthy will not necessarily be healthy.句句 型型 实实 际际 运运 用用It is generally

39、 acknowledged that in todays world,writing is still an important and practical skill needed by people in different fields.Undoubtedly,many jobs require people to have the ability to write.We cannot deny the fact that the popularity of the telephone,mobile phone and the computer seems to have enabled

40、 people to write less.But it is also true that much information must still be communicated in the form of writing.For example,managers,engineers,sales representatives,and countless others are supposed to write regularly as part of their jobs.Summaries,reports,proposals,letters,and speeches are requi

41、red in todays world of work.The ability to write,therefore,is an important skill in modern society,and there are indications that people who can communicate effectively in writing will make greater achievements in their work and life.如果要表达某个意思却不不知用什么句型，如果要表达某个意思却不不知用什么句型，一定会很痛苦。学会运用不同句型一定会很痛苦。学会运用不同

42、句型(包括不同词包括不同词语语)来表达相似的意思，即能有效地解决这一问来表达相似的意思，即能有效地解决这一问题，也有助于避免单调和重复的句式。例如：题，也有助于避免单调和重复的句式。例如：1)It is not easy to learn a language and a good command of a language requires great efforts.2)Great efforts are needed if one wants to learn a language well.3)The mastery of a language is far from easy and

43、 requires painstaking efforts.4)We can hardly expect to master a language without working hard.5)A good command of a language calls for great efforts.1.句子要有明确的主语和谓语以及其它必要句子要有明确的主语和谓语以及其它必要的成分。的成分。2.尽量用自己熟悉和能够把握的句型。尽量用自己熟悉和能够把握的句型。3.句子的长、短要适当。不能因怕出错而都句子的长、短要适当。不能因怕出错而都写短句，也不可追求长得不知所云的句子。写短句，也不可追求长得不知

44、所云的句子。4.句子成分不要总是主、谓、宾。要讲究一句子成分不要总是主、谓、宾。要讲究一定变化。以增强可读性。定变化。以增强可读性。段落中的句子常由简单句，复合段落中的句子常由简单句，复合句和复杂句交错构成，既是为了表达句和复杂句交错构成，既是为了表达意思的需要，也可以使句子读起来不意思的需要，也可以使句子读起来不会呆板、枯燥。仔细阅读下文，特别会呆板、枯燥。仔细阅读下文，特别注意注意每一句的开头每一句的开头：In recent years computers have entered more and more families in China.Many people find that

45、computer have brought them with great convenience and enjoyment.It is true that a home with a good computer may function like a library,a mini-school,a post-office,an office and a place for entertainment.With the assistance of home computers,people can enjoy reading and writing in a new way.They can

46、 even do banking and shopping at home.In addition,one can communicate directly with many places in the world and get rich information very quickly.If one is tired from his work,he can listen to music,watch films or play computer games.However,home computer can cause some problems.Frequent contact wi

47、th computer at home leads to ones detachment from the society.Moreover,children who are addictive to computer games will have trouble in study and life.Home computer will be a good helper if used properly,or it can become a killer.为避免单调和重复的句式，作文时为避免单调和重复的句式，作文时可利用词汇变化或句式的变化使句子可利用词汇变化或句式的变化使句子更为生动活泼。

48、更为生动活泼。1)用连接词语开头用连接词语开头 (1)Obviously,a man with poor health cannot expect to enjoy a happy life.(2)Undoubtedly,students who have a good mastery of English and computer science will have a better chance in job hunting.(3)Admittedly,young people may have different attitude toward life.(4)Surely,no one

49、 can expect to achieve progress if he is afraid of competition.(5)Surprisingly,some students who work very hard at English cant pass CET-4.2)活用从句和分词结构活用从句和分词结构(1)Considering your goal and interest,I suggest you choose Computer Science as your major.(2)Traveling,a good way of relaxation and entertain

50、ment,is really attractive to young people.(3)A student playing computer games all day long will not be able to concentrate himself on his study.(4)You are sure to have a bright future if you choose a major that will enable you to find an ideal job.3)假设假设1)If a person is honest to others,he will sure