一名词和冠词课件.ppt

1、一、名词和冠词一、名词和冠词语法精讲语法精讲一、名词一、名词考点一名词的数考点一名词的数1.1.物质名词物质名词(如如:air,water,milk,paper,money):air,water,milk,paper,money)和抽象名词和抽象名词(如如:happiness,:happiness,health,knowledge,traffic)health,knowledge,traffic)一般都是不可数名词。一般都是不可数名词。特别提示特别提示要熟记下列名词要熟记下列名词,它们在英语中一般是不可数名词它们在英语中一般是不可数名词:advice,baggage/:advice,bagga

2、ge/luggage,furniture,equipment,fun,weather,information,luck,luggage,furniture,equipment,fun,weather,information,luck,progress,work,homework,news,word(progress,work,homework,news,word(消息消息)等。等。有些词有些词,以及一些学科名词以及一些学科名词,虽然以虽然以“s”s”结尾结尾,但意义上却是单数。如但意义上却是单数。如:news:news 新闻新闻;politics;politics政治政治;mathematic

3、s;mathematics数学数学;physics;physics物理。物理。有些词有些词,通常只有复数形式。如通常只有复数形式。如:compasses:compasses圆规圆规;glasses;glasses眼镜眼镜;parents;parents父母父母 亲亲;shoes;shoes鞋鞋;slippers;slippers拖鞋拖鞋;trousers;trousers裤子裤子;twins;twins双胞胎双胞胎;amusements;amusements娱乐活娱乐活 动动;ashes;ashes灰烬灰烬;brains;brains头脑头脑;congratulations;congratul

4、ations祝贺祝贺;in dozens;in dozens成打地成打地;do;do exercises exercises做操做操;furs;furs皮毛皮毛;Good heavens!;Good heavens!天哪天哪!jaws!jaws嘴巴嘴巴;jewels;jewels首饰首饰;mountains mountains山脉山脉;movements;movements活动情况活动情况;muscles;muscles肌肉肌肉;nobles;nobles贵族贵族;take/make;take/make notes notes记笔记记笔记;plastics;plastics塑料制品塑料制品;i

5、n rags;in rags衣衫褴褛衣衫褴褛;make repairs;make repairs修理修理;resources resources资源资源;in high spirits;in high spirits情绪高昂情绪高昂;stairs;stairs楼梯楼梯;take turns;take turns轮流轮流;tears tears眼泪眼泪;tens of thousands of;tens of thousands of好几万好几万;thanks;thanks感谢感谢;troops;troops部队。部队。有些名词的单数形式和复数形式表示不同的意思。如有些名词的单数形式和复数形式表

6、示不同的意思。如:arm:arm手臂手臂/arms/arms武器武器;cloth cloth布布/clothes/clothes衣服衣服;content;content内容内容/contents/contents目录目录;custom;custom风俗风俗;习惯习惯/customs customs海关海关;force;force力量力量/forces/forces武装部队武装部队;good;good好事、好处好事、好处/goods/goods货物货物;green green绿色绿色/greens/greens蔬菜蔬菜;interest;interest兴趣兴趣/interests/intere

7、sts利益、爱好利益、爱好;look;look看看/looks looks外貌外貌;manner;manner态度、方式态度、方式/manners/manners礼貌礼貌;pain;pain痛苦痛苦/pains/pains辛苦辛苦;paper;paper 纸纸/papers/papers论文、报纸、文件论文、报纸、文件;people;people人们人们/peoples/peoples民族民族;sand;sand沙沙/sands/sands沙滩沙滩;time time时间时间/times/times次数、时代次数、时代;thing;thing东西、事情东西、事情/things/things形势

8、形势;word;word单词单词,消息消息/words words话语话语;work;work工作工作/works/works工厂、著作工厂、著作;wood;wood木头木头/woods/woods树林。树林。2.2.不可数名词常用不可数名词常用(a)little,much,a great deal of(a)little,much,a great deal of等修饰等修饰,可数名词常用可数名词常用(a)few,(a)few,many,a number of many,a number of等修饰。等修饰。a lot of,lots of,plenty ofa lot of,lots of,

9、plenty of可修饰可数名词和不可数可修饰可数名词和不可数 名词。名词。3.3.抽象名词具体化抽象名词具体化 具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事,具体指特定的某一件事时具体指特定的某一件事时,这一抽这一抽 象名词可作为可数名词。象名词可作为可数名词。difficulty difficulty困难困难;a difficulty;a difficulty一件难事一件难事 failurefailure失败失败;a failure;a failure一个失败者一个失败者;一件失败的事一件失败的事 successsuccess成功成功;a suc

10、cess;a success一位成功者一位成功者;一件成功的事一件成功的事 surprisesurprise惊奇惊奇;a surprise;a surprise一件令人吃惊的事一件令人吃惊的事 honourhonour荣誉荣誉;an honouran honour一位带来荣誉的人一位带来荣誉的人,一件带来荣誉的事一件带来荣誉的事 Failure is the mother of success.Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母。失败是成功之母。His new book was a great success.His new book was a

11、great success.他的新书非常成功。他的新书非常成功。4.4.单数名词变为复数名词单数名词变为复数名词 一般情况加一般情况加-s,-s,以以s,sh,ch,xs,sh,ch,x等结尾加等结尾加-es-es。以。以ce,se,zece,se,ze等结尾加等结尾加-s-s。其他名词。其他名词 复数的变化如下复数的变化如下:(1)(1)以以-o-o结尾的名词变为复数时结尾的名词变为复数时,常在词尾加常在词尾加-s,-s,但下列名词要加但下列名词要加-es,-es,它们是它们是:hero,echo,potato,tomato hero,echo,potato,tomato(2)(2)以以-f

12、-f或或-fe-fe结尾的名词变为复数时结尾的名词变为复数时,一般一般f f或或fefe去掉加去掉加-ves,-ves,它们是它们是:self,:self,life,thief,wife,knife,leaf,shelf,wolf,half life,thief,wife,knife,leaf,shelf,wolf,half(3)“man/woman+n.”(3)“man/woman+n.”变复数时变复数时,作定语的作定语的man/womanman/woman和中心词都要变复数。和中心词都要变复数。men teachers men teachers男老师男老师 women engineers

13、women engineers女工程师女工程师考点二名词的构词法考点二名词的构词法1.1.动词变名词的后缀动词变名词的后缀后缀后缀例词例词-ence,-ence,-ance-anceexistexistenceexistexistence存在存在 occuroccurrenceoccuroccurrence发生发生referreferencereferreference查阅查阅/参考参考 preferpreferencepreferpreference更喜欢更喜欢/偏好偏好differdifferencedifferdifference不同不同 acceptacceptanceacceptac

14、ceptance接受接受appearappearanceappearappearance出现出现/外表外表 performperformanceperformperformance履行履行resistresistanceresistresistance抵制抵制 guideguidanceguideguidance指导指导enterentranceenterentrance进入进入 insureinsuranceinsureinsurance保险保险assistassistanceassistassistance帮助帮助endureendurance/toleratetoleranceendur

15、eendurance/toleratetolerance忍受忍受-tion,-tion,-sion-sionproduceproductionproduceproduction生产生产 introduceintroduction introduceintroduction 介绍介绍consumeconsumptionconsumeconsumption消费消费 reducereductionreducereduction减少减少 assumeassumption/supposesuppositionassumeassumption/supposesupposition认为认为/假设假设 des

16、troydestructiondestroydestruction毁灭毁灭 describedescriptiondescribedescription描写描写interruptinterruptioninterruptinterruption打断打断 adoptadoptionadoptadoption采纳采纳/收养收养preventpreventionpreventprevention防止防止 receivereceptionreceivereception接收接收/接待处接待处solvesolutionsolvesolution解决解决 evolveevolutionevolveevol

17、ution进化进化 suggestsuggestionsuggestsuggestion建议建议 editeditioneditedition编辑编辑/版本版本exhibitexhibitionexhibitexhibition展览展览 intendintentionintendintention打算打算/意图意图recognizerecognitionrecognizerecognition认出认出 definedefinition definedefinition 解释解释/定义定义-tion,-tion,-sion-sionprotectprotectionprotectprotecti

18、on保护保护 directdirectiondirectdirection方向方向/指导指导instructinstructioninstructinstruction指令指令 constructconstructionconstructconstruction建设建设injectinjectioninjectinjection注射注射 infectinfectioninfectinfection感染感染rejectrejectionrejectrejection驳斥驳斥 objectobjection/opposeoppositionobjectobjection/opposeopposit

19、ion反对反对connectconnectionconnectconnection连接连接 collectcollectioncollectcollection收集收集correctcorrectioncorrectcorrection纠正纠正 inspectinspectioninspectinspection视察视察selectselectionselectselection挑选挑选 electelectionelectelection选举选举restrictrestrictionrestrictrestriction限制限制contradictcontradictioncontradic

20、tcontradiction抵触抵触/矛盾矛盾 -tion,-tion,-sion-sionreservereservationreservereservation保留保留 preservepreservationpreservepreservation保存保存conserveconservationconserveconservation保护保护 observeobservationobserveobservation观察观察starvestarvationstarvestarvation挨饿挨饿 organizeorganizationorganizeorganization组织组织 ci

21、vilizecivilizationcivilizecivilization文明文明 realizerealizationrealizerealization认识认识examineexaminationexamineexamination考试考试 determinedeterminationdeterminedetermination决定决定formformationformformation形成形成 informinformationinforminformation通知通知 imagineimaginationimagineimagination想象想象 transporttranspor

22、tationtransporttransportation运输运输inviteinvitationinviteinvitation邀请邀请 expectexpectationexpectexpectation期待期待tempttemptationtempttemptation诱惑诱惑 adaptadaptationadaptadaptation改编改编/适应适应immigrateimmigrationimmigrateimmigration移民移民 imitateimitationimitateimitation模仿模仿-tion,-tion,-sion-sionpreparepreparat

23、ionpreparepreparation准备准备 exploreexplorationexploreexploration探索探索considerconsiderationconsiderconsideration考虑考虑 declaredeclarationdeclaredeclaration宣布宣布decoratedecorationdecoratedecoration装饰装饰 inspireinspirationinspireinspiration激发激发/灵感灵感relaxrelaxationrelaxrelaxation放松放松/休闲休闲 communicatecommunicat

24、ioncommunicatecommunication交流交流occupyoccupationoccupyoccupation占用占用/职业职业 satisfysatisfactionsatisfysatisfaction满足满足applyapplicationapplyapplication申请申请/应用应用 implyimplicationimplyimplication暗示暗示recommendrecommendationrecommendrecommendation推荐推荐 interpretinterpretationinterpretinterpretation口译口译/理解理解

25、combinecombinationcombinecombination结合结合operateoperationoperateoperation操作操作/手术手术-tion,-tion,-sion-sionhesitatehesitationhesitatehesitation犹豫犹豫 educateeducationeducateeducation教育教育locatelocationlocatelocation定位定位 indicateindicationindicateindication指出指出participateparticipationparticipateparticipatio

26、n参加参加 calculatecalculationcalculatecalculation计算计算appreciateappreciationappreciateappreciation欣赏欣赏/感激感激 associateassociationassociateassociation联想联想/协会协会separateseparationseparateseparation分离分离 hibernatehibernationhibernatehibernation冬眠冬眠compensatecompensationcompensatecompensation赔偿赔偿investigateinv

27、estigationinvestigateinvestigation调查调查celebratecelebrationcelebratecelebration庆祝庆祝 congratulatecongratulationcongratulatecongratulation祝贺祝贺-tion,-tion,-sion-siontranslatetranslationtranslatetranslation翻译翻译 accumulateaccumulationaccumulateaccumulation积累积累accelerateaccelerationaccelerateacceleration加速

28、加速 donatedonationdonatedonation捐赠捐赠liberateliberationliberateliberation解放解放 motivatemotivationmotivatemotivation动力动力innovateinnovationinnovateinnovation革新革新 concentrateconcentrationconcentrateconcentration集中集中demonstratedemonstrationdemonstratedemonstration游行游行/示威示威contributecontributioncontributeco

29、ntribution贡献贡献 distributedistributiondistributedistribution分发分发promotepromotion promotepromotion 促进促进 devotedevotion/dedicatededicationdevotedevotion/dedicatededication致力致力-tion,-tion,-sion-sionfrustratefrustration/depressdepressionfrustratefrustration/depressdepression沮丧沮丧impressimpressionimpressim

30、pression印象印象 expressexpressionexpressexpression表达表达possesspossessionpossesspossession拥有拥有/财产财产discussdiscussiondiscussdiscussion讨论讨论 expandexpansionexpandexpansion扩大扩大 extendextensionextendextension延伸延伸 admitadmissionadmitadmission承认承认 permitpermissionpermitpermission允许允许 emitemissionemitemission排放排

31、放 explodeexplosionexplodeexplosion爆炸爆炸concludeconclusionconcludeconclusion结论结论 decidedecisiondecidedecision决定决定dividedivisiondividedivision划分划分 confuseconfusionconfuseconfusion迷惑迷惑 -ment-mentadvertiseadvertisementadvertiseadvertisement广告广告 agreeagreementagreeagreement同意同意 amazeamazementamazeamazemen

32、t惊奇惊奇 astonishastonishmentastonishastonishment吃惊吃惊announceannouncementannounceannouncement通告通告 arrangearrangementarrangearrangement安排安排assessassessmentassessassessment评估评估 developdevelopmentdevelopdevelopment发展发展disappointdisappointmentdisappointdisappointment失望失望employemploymentemployemployment雇用雇用

33、/就业就业encourageencouragementencourageencouragement鼓舞鼓舞entertainentertainmententertainentertainment款待款待/娱乐娱乐equipequipmentequipequipment装备装备 governgovernmentgoverngovernment统治统治/政府政府improveimprovementimproveimprovement改进改进 investinvestmentinvestinvestment投资投资involveinvolvementinvolveinvolvement卷入卷入 ma

34、nagemanagementmanagemanagement管理管理-ment-mentpunishpunishmentpunishpunishment惩惩 requirerequirementrequirerequirement要求要求retireretirementretireretirement退休退休settlesettlementsettlesettlement定居定居/定居处定居处statestatementstatestatement阐述阐述/陈述陈述treattreatmenttreattreatment对待对待/治疗治疗basebasementbasebasement以以为基

35、础为基础/地下室地下室pavepavementpavepavement铺平铺平/人行道人行道achieveachievement/accomplishaccomplishmentachieveachievement/accomplishaccomplishment完成完成/成就成就 -er,-or-er,-orteachteacherteachteacher教书教书/老师老师announceannouncerannounceannouncer播音播音/员员conductconductorconductconductor指挥指挥/员员-ing-inghearhearinghearhearing听

36、听(力力)beginbeginningbeginbeginning开始开始-ure-urefailfailurefailfailure失败失败 presspressurepresspressure压力压力departdeparturedepartdeparture离开离开-y-yrecoverrecoveryrecoverrecovery恢复恢复 discoverdiscoverydiscoverdiscovery发现发现2.2.形容词变名词的后缀形容词变名词的后缀后缀后缀例词例词-age-ageshortshortageshortshortage不足不足;短缺短缺-cy-cyefficien

37、tefficiencyefficientefficiency效率效率;功效功效fluentfluencyfluentfluency流利流利;流畅流畅accurateaccuracyaccurateaccuracy准确性准确性privateprivacyprivateprivacy隐私隐私;私密私密-dom-domfreefreedomfreefreedom自由自由;自主自主wisewisdomwisewisdom明智明智;智慧智慧-ence-encedifferentdifferencedifferentdifference差异差异silentsilencesilentsilence沉默沉默-

38、ness-nessweakweaknessweakweakness虚弱虚弱;弱点弱点kindkindnesskindkindness仁慈仁慈;好意好意carelesscarelessnesscarelesscarelessness粗心大意粗心大意-th-thstrongstrengthstrongstrength力气力气;强项强项warmwarmthwarmwarmth温暖温暖;热情热情-y-y-ty-ty-ity-ityhonesthonestyhonesthonesty诚实诚实difficultdifficultydifficultdifficulty困难困难cruelcrueltycru

39、elcruelty残酷残酷;残暴残暴safesafetysafesafety安全安全disabledisabilitydisabledisability无能无能;伤残伤残responsibleresponsibilityresponsibleresponsibility责任责任二、冠词二、冠词 冠词包括不定冠词冠词包括不定冠词a/ana/an和定冠词和定冠词the,the,不用冠词的情况也可称为零冠词。不用冠词的情况也可称为零冠词。a/a/anan的基本含义为的基本含义为“一个一个”,表泛指表泛指;the;the的基本含义是的基本含义是“这个这个,那个那个”,表特指。表特指。通常第一次出现的可

40、数名词前用通常第一次出现的可数名词前用a/ana/an修饰修饰,重复出现时用重复出现时用thethe修饰。修饰。考点一不定冠词考点一不定冠词(a/an)(a/an)的用法的用法(八个八个“一一”)“一一”(=one)(=one)Ill return in a day or two.Ill return in a day or two.我一两天就回来。我一两天就回来。“每一每一”(=per)(=per)We have eight classes a day.We have eight classes a day.我们每天上八节课。我们每天上八节课。“同一同一”(=the same)(=the s

41、ame)The children are of an age.The children are of an age.这些孩子们同岁。这些孩子们同岁。“一类一类”(=(=复数名词复数名词)A horse is a useful animal.A horse is a useful animal.马是一种有用的动物。马是一种有用的动物。“任一任一”(=any)(=any)A dictionary is enough.A dictionary is enough.一本词典足够。一本词典足够。“某一某一”(=a certain)(=a certain)A Mr.Smith is waiting to

42、see you.A Mr.Smith is waiting to see you.一位史密斯一位史密斯先生正等着见你。先生正等着见你。“一个、一场、一次、一个、一场、一次、一件一件”(抽象抽象名词名词)As a manager,he is a success while as a As a manager,he is a success while as a father he is a failure.father he is a failure.作为一名经理作为一名经理,他是位成他是位成功者功者,而作为一名父亲他是个失败者。而作为一名父亲他是个失败者。“一种一种(份份,阵阵)”)”(物质名

43、词物质名词)What a heavy rain!What a heavy rain!多大的一场雨啊多大的一场雨啊!考点二定冠词考点二定冠词thethe的用法的用法1.1.特指上文提及的或读者清楚的或受定语修饰的人或物。特指上文提及的或读者清楚的或受定语修饰的人或物。Where is the teacher you talked about yesterday?Where is the teacher you talked about yesterday?你昨天谈到的那位老师在哪儿你昨天谈到的那位老师在哪儿?2.2.用于单数可数名词前用于单数可数名词前,表示整个类属。表示整个类属。The tig

44、er is in danger of becoming extinct.The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.老虎濒临灭绝。老虎濒临灭绝。Alexander Bell invented the telephone in 1876.Alexander Bell invented the telephone in 1876.18761876年亚历山大年亚历山大贝尔发明了电话。贝尔发明了电话。3.3.用于某些形容词、分词前表示一类人用于某些形容词、分词前表示一类人/物或用在姓氏复数前表示一家人。物或用在姓氏复数前表示一家人。The Greens liv

45、e a happy life.The Greens live a happy life.格林一家人过着幸福的生活。格林一家人过着幸福的生活。The wounded were sent to the hospital immediately.The wounded were sent to the hospital immediately.受伤者被立刻送往医院。受伤者被立刻送往医院。4.4.表示世界上独一无二的事物。如表示世界上独一无二的事物。如:the moon,the sun,the earth,the:the moon,the sun,the earth,the universe,the

46、world,the sky universe,the world,the sky等。等。特别提示特别提示 当这些名词前有修饰语时当这些名词前有修饰语时,则要用不定冠词。如则要用不定冠词。如:a bright moon,a new:a bright moon,a new world world。有些事物虽然也是独一无二的有些事物虽然也是独一无二的,但习惯上却不用冠词但习惯上却不用冠词,如如:space:space太空太空,nature nature自然自然,man,man人类。人类。5.5.用于表示方位、西洋乐器等的名词前。如用于表示方位、西洋乐器等的名词前。如:in the east,in t

47、he northwest,:in the east,in the northwest,play the piano play the piano。6.6.用于序数词和形容词最高级前面。用于序数词和形容词最高级前面。Yang Liwei is the first man who has been into space in China.Yang Liwei is the first man who has been into space in China.在中在中 国杨利伟是第一个进入太空的人。国杨利伟是第一个进入太空的人。This is the best film Ive ever seen.

48、This is the best film Ive ever seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。这是我看过的最好的电影。特别提示特别提示 当序数词不表示顺序而表示当序数词不表示顺序而表示“又一又一,再一再一”时时,用不定冠词。如用不定冠词。如:a second time,a second time,意为意为“再一次再一次;又一次又一次”。7.7.用于表示某世纪、年代、时期或朝代的名词前。用于表示某世纪、年代、时期或朝代的名词前。It is not rare in the 1990s that people in their fifties are going It is not rare in

49、 the 1990s that people in their fifties are going to university for further education.to university for further education.在在2020世纪世纪9090年代五十多岁的人上大学进修并不罕见。年代五十多岁的人上大学进修并不罕见。8.“8.“动词动词+sb.+sb.+介词介词+the+the+身体某一部位身体某一部位”结构中的结构中的thethe不可用物主代词代替。不可用物主代词代替。take sb.by the arm take sb.by the arm抓某人的胳膊抓某人的胳膊

50、hit sb.on the headhit sb.on the head砸在了某人的砸在了某人的 头上。头上。9.9.用在固定搭配中。如用在固定搭配中。如:by the way,in the distance,in the morning,in:by the way,in the distance,in the morning,in the end,in the direction of,on the whole,on the other hand,the the end,in the direction of,on the whole,on the other hand,the other