2019版高考英语一轮复习 语法专题讲义 北师大版.doc

1、【 精品教育资源文库】语法专题专题一 名词和冠词语法项目(一) 名 词名词的数典题尝试 (单句语法填空)1(2017全国卷)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.2(2017全国卷) She has turned down several invitations (invitation) to star at shows in order to

2、 concentrate on her studies.3(2016全国卷)Recent studies (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.规则点拨1物质名词一般不用复数形式，但有些物质名词要用复数形式来表示不同的类别。fishes 各种鱼 fruits 各种水果 steels 各种钢材2物质名词表示数量时，一般用表示数量的短语来表示。a cup of tea 一杯茶two pairs of trousers 两条裤子four pieces of brea

3、d 四片面包3有些名词的单数和复数形式表示不同的含义。work(工作)works(著作)arm(手臂)arms(军火)glass(玻璃)glasses(眼镜)cloth(布)clothes(衣服)4有些名词既可用作可数名词又可用作不可数名词，但是意义不同。room 空间a room 一间房glass 玻璃a glass 一个玻璃杯子 chicken 鸡肉a chicken 一只小鸡paper 纸a paper 一张报纸5有些名词形似单数，但实为复数，如 police, people。【 精品教育资源文库】6有些名词单复数同形。如 means，aircraft，deer，fish，Chines

4、e，Japanese，sheep，works(工厂), cattle。7有些名词若被看作整体就用作单数，若被看作组成该集体的各个成员就用作复数。class, family, couple, audience, government, public。8有些名词经常以复数形式出现。glasses 眼镜 clothes 衣服goods 货物 trousers 裤子ashes 灰尘 surroundings 环境belongings 所有物 congratulations 祝贺have words with sb.同某人吵架9合成名词的复数。gobetweengobetweens(中间人)，grown

5、upgrownups, passerbypassersby。注意事项 以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的单词复数形式一般加es。watchwatches(此时ch 的发音是/t?/)，而 stomachstomachs (此时 ch 的发音是/k/)例外。对点演练 (单句改错)1. (2018山东临沂一模)In China, I always spend the Spring Festival with Chinese family, eating dumplings, laughing and joking.familyfamilies_2(2018江西省高三第二次联考) As we re

6、turned home, I gathered some item. itemitems3(2018山西重点中学协作体一模) Whats more, we should improve our method of study and make good preparations for exams.methodmethods_4(2018山西晋商四校联考)Li Lin is a senior three students who devotes himself to his study every day. studentsstudent5(2018安徽示范性高中联考)First, we sh

7、ould adopt a positive attitudes towards failure.attitudesattitude名词的固定搭配典题尝试 (单句语法填空)1(2018河北石家庄二中一模) I would appreciate it if you could take me into consideration (consider)【 精品教育资源文库】2.(2018东北三省四市联考) He said he painted for pleasure (please)规则点拨1名词与介词搭配 above average 超过平均水平at present 目前at risk 冒险b

8、eyond compare 无与伦比beyond belief 难以置信by no means 决不；一点也不for sale 供出售for an instant 一瞬间in ruins 毁坏；破败不堪in advance 提前in public 公开in conclusion 总之on purpose 故意地on the whole 总的来说on the contrary 相反under repair 在修理中under consideration 在考虑中under discussion 在讨论中under construction 在建设中2名词与动词搭配 catch sight of

9、瞥见 find fault with 挑的错make use of 利用 keep pace with 与同步make a fool of 愚弄 make fun of 取笑pay attention to 注意 put an end to 结束take notice of 注意到 take part in 参加 对点演练 (单句语法填空)1(2018福建龙岩质检)They think that taking notes with cellphones instead of by hand (hands) can save time.2. (2018齐齐哈尔市“五校联盟”联考)In addit

10、ion (add), the feet do not smell as much because they stay dry, making it hard for bacteria to grow.【 精品教育资源文库】3Always remember to put such dangerous things as knives out of childrens reach (reachable)抽象名词具体化规则点拨1抽象名词通常是不可数名词，但是具体到某人或某物身上时可以加不定冠词。experience 经验(不可数名词)an experience 一次经历(可数名词)surprise

11、 惊奇(不可数名词)a surprise 令人吃惊的人或事(可数名词)pleasure 愉快(不可数名词)a pleasure 一件乐事；一个乐趣(可数名词)honor 荣誉(不可数名词)an honor 一个(件)光荣的人或事(可数名词)success 成功(不可数名词)a success 一个(件)成功的人或事(可数名词)comfort 安慰(不可数名词)a comfort 一个(件)令人安慰的人或事(可数名词) 2物质名词通常是不可数名词，但是可以量化。coffee 咖啡a coffee 一杯咖啡，three coffees 三杯咖啡smoke 烟a smoke 一支烟，two smok

12、es 两支烟drink 饮料a drink 一杯饮料，five drinks 五杯饮料3物质名词有前置、后置定语修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。Error!Error!Error!对点演练 (单句改错)1(2018河北唐山调研)Hearing of Als death, I thought， “what a complete fail！”_failfailure2A serious explosion happened in Tianjin.Yes, news came as shock to me.shock 前加 a 3Though we are now out of danger, the

13、broken bridge is still great danger to car drivers.great 前加 a4Everyone agreed the picnic was great success.was 后加 a5Your advice was great help to me.great 前加 a一 、 名 词 在 语 法 填 空 中 的 命 题 点1给其他词性形式(通常为动词、形容词)提示词，填写名词，考查名词的数(2016全国卷)But for tourists like me, pandas are its top _ 【 精品教育资源文库】(attract). 解

14、析：attraction 形容词 top 修饰空格处的名词，attract 的名词形式是attraction，意思是“吸引人之物” 。(20166 月浙江高考改编)We can achieve a lot when we learn to let our _ (different) unite, rather than divide us.解析：differences 由空格前的 our 可知此处应用名词的复数形式。2给名词形式提示词，填写名词，考查名词的数 (20176 月浙江高考)Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden,

15、 Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small_ (carrot) and was about to throw them away.解析：carrots 根据空格前的“a handful of”以及空格后的“them”可知，此处表示一把小胡萝卜，所以应用 carrot 的复数形式。(2016全国卷)The nursery team switches him every few _ (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed, the other is with mum she

16、never suspects.解析：days “every few复数名词”意思是“每隔” 。every few days “每隔几天” 。3考查名词的固定搭配(2015江苏高考改编)Some schools will have to make _ (adjust) in agreement with the national soccer reform. 解析：adjustments make adjustments“做出调整” ，为固定搭配。(2014天津高考改编)My parents always attach great _ (important) to my getting a go

17、od education. 解析：importance attach great importance to“认为非常重要” ，为固定搭配。二 、 名 词 在 短 文 改 错 中 的 命 题 点1可数名词单复数的错用示例(2015全国卷)One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent. 答案：parentparents点拨 有些名词常以复数形式出现，例如 shoulders, trousers, parents 等。示例(2015四川高考)As I told you last time, I made three n

18、ew friend here.答案：friendfriends点拨 可数名词前有大于 1 的数(量)词、some 或 one of .等修饰，则该名词应【 精品教育资源文库】用复数形式。2混淆名词的可数与不可数示例(2017全国卷)Besides, they often get some useful informations from the Internet.答案：informationsinformation点拨误把不可数名词当作可数名词，例如纯抽象名词：progress, luggage/baggage, advice, weather, information, equipment

19、, furniture 等都只能用作不可数名词。示例(2014辽宁高考)Weve called several time about Cleos early morning barking.答案：timetimes点拨有些词既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词，例如 time 表示“次数”时为可数名词，表示“时间”时为不可数名词；experience 表示“经历”时为可数名词，表示“经验”时为不可数名词。3词性错用，如误把动词、形容词等当作名词 示例(2017全国卷)I enjoyed studying difference kinds of cars and planes, playing pop music, and collecting the latest music albums. 答案：differencedifferent点拨 名词前应用形容词作定语。三 、 名 词 在 书 面 表 达 中 的 增 分 点增分技法1利用“抽象名词具体化”轻松写句子昨天夜里下了一场大雨。There was