分词作状语与独立主格结构课件.ppt

1、 分词作状语与独立主格结构分词作状语与独立主格结构区别三个概念：分词作状语、垂悬结构、独立主格结构分词作状语、垂悬结构、独立主格结构主要内容主要内容一、分词作状语、一、分词作状语、二、垂悬（分词）结构二、垂悬（分词）结构三、独立主格结构三、独立主格结构四、四、With作复合结构作复合结构一、分词做状语分词（包括过去分词和现在分词）做状语可修饰整个句子，表示动作发生的时间，原因，条件，结果，让步或伴随情况。其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语，分词做状语一般相当于相应的状语从句或并列句，在句子中有广泛用途。如：When we stood on top of the tall building,we cou

2、ld see the whole city.=Standing on top of the tall building,we could see the whole city.When the city was seen from the top of the tall building,the whole city was beautiful.=Seen from the top of the tall building,the whole city was beautiful.现在分词做状语的基本用法 1.时间状语（相当于时间状语从句）：如：Stepping carelessly off

3、the pavement，he was knocked down by the bus.他不小心离开了人行道，被公共汽车撞倒了。2.原因状语（相当于原因状语从句）：如：Being a shy man,Einstein did not attend the public celebration on his fiftieth birthday.爱因斯坦没有参加公众为他举行的50岁生日庆祝会，因为他腼腆。Being sick，I stayed at home.我因病待在家中。3方式、伴随或附加说明，有时前面可加连词as if。如：Holding the note in his hand,he st

4、ood there.他站在那里，手里拿着那张支票。（表示伴随）He stood as if remembering something.他站着，好象想起了什么。4.结果状语：如：The child fell,striking his head against the door and cutting it.那孩子跌到了，头碰在门上碰破了。He dropped the plate,breaking it into a hundred pieces.他把盘子掉了,打成了碎片.He said that the leaves of his flowers had turned yellow.He th

5、ought that it was due to a water shortage so he applied more water,only making things worse.他说他的花的叶子变黄了.他想是缺水所致,于是多浇了水,结果反而更遭。5.让步状语：如：Knowing all this,they made me pay for the damage.他们尽管了解这一切，还是要我们赔偿损失。6.独立成份（插入语）Generally speaking,people all believe what he has said.一般说来，人们都相信他所说的。过去分词作状语的基本用法过去分

6、词作状语的基本用法 过去分词作状语主要是说明谓语动作发生的背景或条件；表过去分词作状语主要是说明谓语动作发生的背景或条件；表示原因、时间、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。过去分词示原因、时间、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。过去分词可置于主句前，也可置于主句后，用逗号与主句隔开。可置于主句前，也可置于主句后，用逗号与主句隔开。1.原因状语原因状语Choked by the heavy smoke,he could hardly breathe.他被浓烟呛了，几乎不能呼吸了。他被浓烟呛了，几乎不能呼吸了。Caught in a heavy rain,he was all wet.因为淋了一场大因为淋

7、了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。雨，所以他全身湿透了。Frightened by the noise in the night,the girl didnt dare to sleep in her room.受到夜晚响声的惊吓，那姑娘不敢睡受到夜晚响声的惊吓，那姑娘不敢睡在她的房间。在她的房间。Born and bred in the countryside,he was bewildered by the big city.他生长在乡下，对这座大城市感到迷惑。他生长在乡下，对这座大城市感到迷惑。2.时间状语Left to itself in the room,the baby began t

8、o cry.当被孤独地留在房间里时，婴儿哭了起来。Asked why he did it,the monitor said it was his duty.当被问及这件事时，班长说这是他的职责。Approached in the dark,the lights looked lonely and purposeless.在黑暗中走近时。那些电灯显得孤单而无意义。3.条件状语（相当于条件状语从句）如：条件状语（相当于条件状语从句）如：Seen in this aspect,the matter isnt as serious as people generally suppose.如果从这个角度

9、看，问题并不如果从这个角度看，问题并不像人们一般预料的那样像人们一般预料的那样严重。严重。Grown in rich soil,these seeds can grow fast.如果种在如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。Given better attention,the accident could have been avoided.要是多加注意，那次事故就能避免了。要是多加注意，那次事故就能避免了。Watered more,these cabbages could have grown better.如果多浇点水，这些大白菜还可以长的得更好。如

10、果多浇点水，这些大白菜还可以长的得更好。Compared with you,we still have a long way to go.和和你相比，我们还有很大的差距。你相比，我们还有很大的差距。Considered form this point of view,the question will be of great importance.从这个角度看，此问题很重要。从这个角度看，此问题很重要。United,we stand,divided,we fall.团结则存，分裂则亡。团结则存，分裂则亡。He will not come unless invited.如果不请他，他是不会来的。

11、如果不请他，他是不会来的。4.方式或伴随状语Surrounded by his students,the professor sat there cheerfully.那位教授在学生的簇拥下，兴高采烈地坐在那儿。He stood there silently,moved to tears.他静静地站在那里，被感动得热泪盈眶。The old man went into the room,supported by his wife.那位老人在妻子的搀扶下,走进了房间。5.让步状语让步状语Beaten by the police and sent to jail,Gandi created the

12、principle of nonviolent resistance.尽管受警察的殴打，被投入监狱，甘地却首创了非暴力抵抗的原则。Defeated again,he didnt lose heart.尽管再次被击败，但他没有灰心。Waited by others for over half an hour,he didnt turn up at the meeting.尽管别人等了他半个多小时，他还是没有到会。Mocked at by everyone,he had my sympathy.人人都嘲笑他，我却同情他。注意：现在分词和过去分词的特别之处注意：现在分词和过去分词的特别之处6.独立成

13、份（插入语）Given good weather,our ship will reach Shanghai on Monday evening.假如天气好，我们的船将于星期一晚上到达上海。Id come and see you in New York,given the chance.如果有机会，我就到纽约来看你。现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别 1.逻辑关系逻辑关系现在分词作状语与过去分词作状语的最主要区别在于：两者现在分词作状语与过去分词作状语的最主要区别在于：两者与所修饰的主句的主语的逻辑关系的区别。与所修饰的主句的主语的逻辑关系的区别。1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语

14、现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。He went out,shutting the door behind him.他出去后将他出去后将门随手关上。门随手关上。Not knowing what to do,he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。2）过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。Given more encourage

15、ment,the boy could have behaved better.如果多给这个孩子一些鼓励，他本来会表现得更好。Faced with difficulties,we must try to overcome them.在遇到困难时，我们必须设法克服。3）部分过去分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示部分过去分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示“被动被动关系关系”，其前不用，其前不用being。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：lost in（陷入某种状态）、（陷入某种状态）、seated（坐着的）、（坐着的）、hidden（躲着）、（躲着）、stationed

16、（驻扎）、（驻扎）、lost/absorbed in（沉溺（沉溺于）、于）、born in（出身于）、（出身于）、dressed in（穿着）、（穿着）、tired of（厌烦了）等。（厌烦了）等。Lost/absorbed in deep thought,he didnt hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考中，所以他没有听到那个声音。Born in this beautiful town,he hates to leave it.出生于这个美丽的小镇，他不愿离开它。2时间概念过去分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，或表示“一种状态”，与谓语动作同时发生或存在。现在分词的一般式(do

17、ing)表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或在说话时正在进行；现在分词的完成式(having done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个“主动”动作；现在分词的完成式的被动式(having been done)常和表示次数的短语及时间段(for+一段时间)连用，表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个“被动动作”，这种情况下不能用过去分词替换，其它情况下通常被过去分词所替换，使句式更简洁。Written in a hurry,this article was not so good.因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好。Reading carefully,he found something he hadnt known

18、 before.他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。Having finished his homework,he went home.完成了作业，他就回家了。Having been discussed several times,the decision was finally made.进行了几次讨论后，终于做出了决定。小练习：用所给动词的正确形式填空 1._(dress)in a white uniform,he looks more like a cook than a doctor.2._(put)into use in April 2000,the hotline was m

19、eant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdown.3._(attract)by the beauty of nature,the girl decided to spend another two weeks on the farm.4._(look)out of the window,I saw some children playing hide-and-seek.5.He went to bed _(drink),and when he woke up,he found he still had his sho

20、es on.1、(2006年陕西17)Facedwithabillfor$10，000，_.A.Johnhastakenanextrajob B.thebosshasgivenjohnanextrajob C.anextrajobhasbeentaken D.anextrajobhasbeengiventoJohn 2、(2006年四川33)_withsomuchtrouble，wefailedtocompletethetaskontime.A.Faced B.Face C.Facing D.Toface 3、(2006年福建33)_forthebreakdownoftheschoolcomp

21、uternetwork，Alicewasinlowspirits.A.Blaming B.Blamed C.Toblame D.Tobeblamed 4、(2006年广东29)Nomatterhowfrequently_，theworksofBeethovenstillattractpeopleallovertheworld.A.performed B.performing C.tobeperformed D.beingperformed 5、(2005年上海33)_intouseinApril2000，thehotlinewasmeantforresidentsreportingwatera

22、ndheatingsupplybreakdowns.A.Put B.Putting C.Havingput D.Beingput 6、(2005年湖南22)_inawhiteuniform，helooksmorelikeacookthanadoctor.A.Dressed B.Todress D.Dressing D.Havingdressed 7.If heated,_.A.people can turn water into gas B.one can change ice into water C.ice turns into water D.people get water from

23、ice 答案：1.A2.A3.B4.A5.A6.A7.C二、垂悬分词结构 若分词的逻辑主语必须同句子的主语不一致，在传统语法把它叫做“垂悬分词”，认为不合语法，但在今天的科技英语里“垂悬分词”确是一种常见结构。由于垂悬结构具有两重性特征，在语言实践中，我们对垂悬结构的使用宜取宽容、慎重的公正态度：既承认它的可用性，不一概摒弃；亦不否认它的非可用性，避免盲目滥用。When installing a boiler,the floor space which is available is very important.安装锅炉时，地面可供利用的空间是很重要的。(被认可并接受)Please take

24、 out the battery and keep it in a dry place if not used for more than two months.(被认可并接受)Standing on top of the tall building,the whole city could be seen.（不被认可）其实上述句子是错误的。正确的应该是:Standing on top of the tall building,we could see the whole city.或者:when we stood on top of the tall building,we could se

25、e the whole city.下面是垂悬结构的改正方法：Climbing up the hill,several boars were seen.（X）(a)确定是逻辑主语，使句子变成:Climbing up the hill,the explorers saw several boars.We climbing up the hill,several boars were seen.(b)把现在分词短语扩大为副词分句（也称状语从句）：When the explorers climbed up the hill,they saw several boars.When the explore

26、rs climbed up the hill,they several boars were seen.三、独立主格结构或用独立主格结构或用with复合结构复合结构 如果分词作状语的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，如果分词作状语的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，须在分词前面加上它自己的主语，但这种结须在分词前面加上它自己的主语，但这种结构叫独立主格结构，其作用相当于状语从句；构叫独立主格结构，其作用相当于状语从句；或用或用with复合结构（复合结构（with+宾语宾语+宾补）作状宾补）作状语。语。如：如：After her tea was finished,she went on with her work.

27、=Her tea finished,she went on with her work.喝完茶后，她继续工作。喝完茶后，她继续工作。This done,we went home.做完此事，做完此事，我们就回家了。She gazed,her hands clasped to her breast.她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。All our savings gone,we started looking for jobs.积蓄全部花完了，我们就开始找工作。With the fire burning all the night,she had a sound sleep.尽管大火烧了一夜，她还是睡的很香

28、。独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如：1）表示时间 The meeting being over,all of us went home.开完会后我们都回家了。开完会后我们都回家了。=When the meeting was over,all of us went home.Her work done,she sat down for a cup of tea.她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。=After her work was done,she sat down for a cup of tea

29、.2）表示条件）表示条件 The condition being favourable,he may succeed.若条件有利，他或许能成功。若条件有利，他或许能成功。=If the condition is favorable,he may succeed.3）表示原因）表示原因 There being no taxis,we had to walk.没有没有出租车，我们只好步行。出租车，我们只好步行。=Since there was no taxis,we had to walk.He wrapped her up with great care,the night being dark

30、 and frosty.夜又黑又冷，所以他夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。把她裹得严严实实的。=He wrapped her up with great care,since the night was dark and frosty.4）表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conductors,silver being the best of all.几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors,and silver is the best of all.)独立主格结构的形式

31、主要有：独立主格结构的形式主要有：1）名词名词/主格代词主格代词+现在分词现在分词 名词名词/主格代词与主格代词与现在分词现在分词之间是主谓关系。之间是主谓关系。如：The girl staring at him(=As the girl stared at him),he didnt know what to say.姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。Time permitting(=If time permits),we will go for an outing tomorrow.如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。2）名词）名词/主格代词主格代词+过去分词过去分词名词名词/主格代词与过去

32、分词之间是动宾关系。主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。如：The problems solved(=As the problems were solved),the quality has been improved.随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。Her glasses broken(=Because her glasses were broken),she couldnt see the words on the blackboard.由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。3）名词）名词/主格代词主格代词+不定式不定式 名词名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关

33、系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。强调的是一次具体性的动作。如：He is going to make a model plane,some old parts to help.借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。They said good-bye to each other,one to go home,the other to go to the bookstore.他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。4）名词）名词/主格代词主格代词+形容词形容词 如：An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive.那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。

34、So many people absent,the meeting had to be called off.这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。5）名词）名词/主格代词主格代词+副词副词 如：He put on his sweater,wrong side out.他把毛衣穿反了。The meeting over,they all went home.会议一结束，他们就都回家了。6）名词）名词/主格代词主格代词+介词短语介词短语 如：The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand.那男孩手里拿着书去教室。Mary was sitting near the fi

35、re,her back towards the door.玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。7）其他形式的独立主格）其他形式的独立主格 There being+名词（代词）名词（代词）如：There being nothing else to do,we went home.没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。There being no further business,I declare the meeting closed.没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。It being+名词（代词）名词（代词）如：It being Christmas,the government offices were clo

36、sed.由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。It being a holiday,all the shops were shut.由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。四、四、with作复合结构作复合结构 With作伴随状语,或说明造成某一局面的原因.至于是用现在分词,还是过去分词得看与主句主句的关系是被动或主动.Eg:with time passing by,He almost forgot everything in the past.随着时间的流逝，他几乎忘记了过去所有的事情。He sat on the chair，with his eyes closed.他坐在椅子上,眼睛闭着.with 的

37、复合结构可以分以下几种:1）with+名词+形容词.表处于一种状态.He often sleeps,with windows open.他经常开着窗户睡觉.2）with+名词+副词.There is a temple,with no table in.3）with+名词+介词短语.The teacher came into the classroom,with a book under his arm.4）with+名词+现在分词，这种结构表动作的主动和进行态.The old woman left her house,with water running all the time.5）with

38、+名词+过去分词,这种结构表被动和完成.The thief was taken to the police station,with his hands tied to his back.6）with+名词+不定式,这种结构表动作的将来式.The mamager has been busy these days,with a lot of work to do.独立主格与状语从句以及With复合结构的关系 1.独立主格与状语从句的转换 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：After class was over(=Class bei

39、ng over/Class over),the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。2.不能省略being(having been)的情形：在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略。(1)独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday,we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。(2)在There being名词的结构中。如：There being no bus,we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。3.在“名词（或代词）介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom,book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构：Miss Smith entered the classroom,with a book in her hand.4.独立主格结构没有所有格形式 The chief-editor arriving,we began the meeting.主编来了，我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。)