煤烟型烟雾事件与光化学型烟雾事件发生条件的比较石油制品燃烧煤课件.ppt

1、 Living environment is concerned with all the factors,circumstances and conditions in the environment or surroundings of a human being which can influence the human health and well-being.The environment provides man with the essential life support systems;but it also presents him with a variety of h

2、azards which may prejudice his health.Living environmental conditions include air,water,soil,food and shelter.Constituent of Environment Section 1 air sanitation Section 2 water sanitation Section 3 geological environment and soilSection 1 Section 1 air sanitationair sanitation1.Air 1.Air No element

3、 of the natural world is more essential to life than air.The chemical and physical characters are obviously related to the human health and desease.Atmosphe Definition：the air layer which surround the surface of earth and circumrotate with earth.The thick is around 2000km3000km.(no no evident upper

4、boundevident upper bound）Character:physics and chemistry of atmospheric sphere is change with height.There are three delamination methods of air vertical structure.according to the vertical change of air temperature troposphere stratosphere intermediun layer hot layer exosphereAccording to air ioniz

5、ed conditionAccording to air ionized condition ionosphere ionosphere nonionosphere nonionosphere According to chemical compositionAccording to chemical composition homosphere homosphere nonhomosphere nonhomospheretropospherestratosphereOzone layer25 35km,20kmumbrella of earthUpright structure of atm

6、ospheric spheremespherethermosphere stratosphere：including of ozone layer(the air temperature inversion)troposphere：including of air,water vapour,fume,micro-organism.(the air temperature decrease progressively)1.Nearness earth2.The temperature is change3.Upright and horizontal move 4.Mostly climate

7、changes happen in this layer5.Contain mostly pollutants There is a intimate relationship between the troposphere and the mankind.The pollutants concentrate mainly in the troposphere.The air pollutions often happen in this layer.Peoples living condition will be importantly effected by the troposphere

8、,especially the range near to the ground.(1)chemical composition Pure air is colorless,odorless,and tasteless.(mixing gas)Air is mainly composed of nitrogen,oxygen,argon.Air is mainly composed of nitrogen,oxygen,argon.(99.96%)(99.96%)Some water vaporSome water vapor，(below 4%)(below 4%)Free radical

9、Free radical（sourcesource：ptotochemical reationptotochemical reation of of ozoneozone）：nitrogen,oxygen,orgen,noble gas(Ne,He,etc)：COCO2 2 and water vaporand water vapor：1.dust,hydrogen sulfide(H1.dust,hydrogen sulfide(H2 2S),nitrogen S),nitrogen oxide(NOoxide(NOX X),foul gas produced by volcanic),fo

10、ul gas produced by volcanic eruption,earthquake and so on.eruption,earthquake and so on.2.coom,power dust,nitrogen oxide(NO 2.coom,power dust,nitrogen oxide(NOX X)produced by human activities produced by human activities Including of solar radiation,air ionization and meteorologic factor which are c

11、losed to human health.(2)Physical state pigmentationpigmentation黑色素沉着作用黑色素沉着作用 ErythemaErythema effect effect红斑作用红斑作用 Anti-rachitic effectAnti-rachitic effect抗佝抗佝偻病作用偻病作用 Germicidal effectGermicidal effect杀菌作用杀菌作用 Heat effectHeat effectUV-A（320400 nm)UV-B（275320 nm)UV-C（200275 nm)Infrared lay（760300

12、00 nm)Visible light（400760 nm)solar radiation help to form sense of sight The adequate solar radiation could prevent people from eyes fatigue and near sight.People is easy to get tired because of the weak light.10-15 moleculeair ionization Quantity of air ion：negative ion ，cleaning degree Heavy ion/

13、light ion 50:air is muddy air temperature,humidity,air current,air pressure Meteorologic factor can adjust many physiologic function.(cold and thermal sensation,body heat regulation,nervous system funtion,immune function,etc)Meteorologic factor make a important role in the diffusion process of air p

14、ollutants。meteorologic factor The quality of the air we breathe can have a significant impact on our quality of life.The Industrial Revolution in Europe in the 19th century saw the beginning of air pollution as we know it today,which has gradually become a global problem.2.Air pollution2.Air polluti

15、on Air pollution is aggravated because of four developments:increasing traffic,growing cities,rapid economic development,and industrialization.Many countries have a serious air pollution problem.Definition 由于人类活动或自然过程，使得排放到大气中物质的浓度浓度及持续时间时间足以对人的舒适感、健康，对设施或环境产生不利影响时，称大气污染大气污染1.Natural sources2.Man-ma

16、de sources Industrial pollution Living pollution Traffic transportationSources of air pollutantsNatural sources Probably the most important natural source of air pollution is volcanic activity(火山爆发),which at times pours great amounts of ash and toxic fumes into the atmosphere.Dust storms in desert a

17、reas and smoke from forest fires and grass fires contribute to chemical and particulate pollution of the air.Industry and enterprise may be chiefly responsible to the air pollution.1.Combustion of fuel（coal&oilcoal&oil）2.2.Emission from working process（native material&finished productnative material

18、&finished product）Man-made sources-1Industrial pollution The following industries are among those that emit a great deal of pollutants into the air:thermal power plants,cement,steel,refineries,petro chemicals,and mines.Living pollutionLiving cooking range&heating boilerCombustion of fuelcoalMan-made

19、 sources-2 燃烧一吨煤排出的各种有害物质的重量燃烧一吨煤排出的各种有害物质的重量(kg）有害物质 电厂锅炉工业锅炉 取暖锅炉 SO2 60 60 60 CO 0.23 1.4 22.7 NO2 9.1 9.1 3.6 HC 0.1 0.5 5 Dust 一般燃烧 11 11 11燃烧良好时 3 6 9 Traffic transportationresult from the combustion of mobile vehicle fuelMobile pollution source(流动污染源流动污染源)the pollution range is related to its

20、 race.Man-made sources-3一氧化碳一氧化碳 100%碳氢化合物碳氢化合物 60%氮氧化物氮氧化物 100%碳氢化合物碳氢化合物 20%碳氢化合物碳氢化合物20%机动车尾气污染物占大城市空气污染物机动车尾气污染物占大城市空气污染物 的比例（的比例（%）Air pollution can affect our health in many ways.Different groups of individuals are affected by air pollution in different ways.The extent to which an individual i

21、s harmed by air pollution usually depends on the total exposure to the damaging chemicals,i.e.,the duration of exposure and the concentration of the chemicals must be taken into account.How can air pollution hurt our health?Respiratory passage(major)Respiratory passage(major)Digestive tube Digestive

22、 tube Skin SkinA small quantityHow can air pollutants intrude into our body?The effects of air pollution on human healthDirect harm Indirect harm Acute poisoning Chronic and long-term effect health hazard of air pollution(一一)Acute poisoning The concentration of pollutants rapidly increase in short-t

23、erm，a lot of pollutants(fume,exhaust gas)have been absorbed by population induced acute poisoning.Examples of acute effects include irritation to the eyes,nose and throat,and upper respiratory infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia.Other symptoms can include headaches,nausea,and allergic reacti

24、ons.Short-term air pollution can aggravate the medical conditions of individuals with asthma and emphysema.Smog episode productive accident Coal smog(London)Photochemical smog(losangeles)Major typeProductive accident Toxic gas leakage accident in Bphopal,india （印度博帕尔毒气泄漏事件，异氰酸甲酯（印度博帕尔毒气泄漏事件，异氰酸甲酯）Ex

25、plosion of unclear power plant in USSR （前苏联切尔诺贝利核电站爆炸事件）（前苏联切尔诺贝利核电站爆炸事件）Special disasters:fire,explosion of volcano,leak of gas,the use of chemical weapon.Smog incident Coal smog incident:Physical:primary pollutants Photochemical smog incident:Chemical:secondary pollutants Coal smog incidentSO2+flu

26、orideSO2+metal dustThe major pollutant of London smog incidentsulfur dioxide and fog(created by burning coal and heavy oil that contain sulfur impurities in power plants,industrial plants,etc.)Photochemical smog incident Definition:Nitrogen oxides from motor vehicle exhaust gas and hydrocarbons from

27、 industry process emission are converted to ozone and other photochemical species form light blue smog through photochemical reaction under sunlight ultraviolet ray.Los Angeles photochemical smog incident:The first time of this phenomena was occurred in Los angles(1943).Pollutant:nitrogen oxides+hyd

28、rocarbons Photochemical reactionLos Angeles photochemical smog incidentGraph of photochemical reaction10%Over 85%SO2-SO3-H2SO4Smog incidentCoal smog incident:Physical:primary pollutants London smog incidentPhotochemical smog incident:Chemical:secondary pollutants Los Angeles photochemical smog incid

29、ent煤烟型烟雾事件与光化学型烟雾事件发生条件的比较煤烟型烟雾事件与光化学型烟雾事件发生条件的比较Chronic and long-term effect Inflammation caused by long-term stimulation Cardiovascular disease Chronic Chemical poisoning Allergic reation Carcinogenic action Non-special damage(descend of immune function)(二二)chronic harm1.Caused inflammation by lon

30、g-term irritation:(1)COPD:chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases,including chronic bronchitis,bronchial asthma,and emphysema (2)the morbidity and mortality is higher 2.Accelerate aging of the lung:air pollution is stronger than smoke in the lung damage 3.Cardiovascular disease:(1)lung disease can de

31、crease pulmonary function and increase pulmonic pressure,caused pneumocardial disease (2)hemoglobins affinity for O2 decrease,oxygen-carrying capacity,caused hypoxia,increase heart motion,caused penumocardial disease 空气污染与居民眼结膜炎检出率空气污染与居民眼结膜炎检出率 三 明 鞍 山 沈 阳 平顶山 对照 重污染 轻污染 重污染 轻污染 严重污染 对照 污染 7.2 43.2

32、 3.3 18.7 3.2 7.3 0.4 10.6 4.Decreased immunological function:(1)Immunological function decrease is a early index.(2)Various in different age populations.(3)Child is most susceptivity and sentitivity5.Allergy:(1)Allergen exist in air including dust etc.(2)Some pollutants such as SO2,formaldehyde,pet

33、roleum productEffect of air pollution on immunological competence in children(三三)long-term effect1.Chronic poisoning:metal,such as Pb,Cd,Cr,As,F,and Hg.2.Carcinogenesis:(1)exist carcinogen,such as arsenic,benzo(a)pyrene (2)air pollution associated with morbidity and mortality from lung cancer.Indire

34、ct harm of air pollution on health Acid rain Greenhouse effect Ozone depletion Climatic changeshealth hazards of air pollutionindirect Acid rain When a pollutant,such as sulfuric acid combines with droplets of water in the air,the water(or snow)can become.The effects of acid rain on the environment

35、can be very serious.It damages plants by destroying their leaves,it poisons the soil,and it changes the chemistry of lakes and streams.Greenhouse effect The Greenhouse Effect,also referred to as global warming,is generally believed to come from the build up of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere.Th

36、is buildup acts like a blanket and traps heattraps heat close to the surface of our earth.Carbon dioxide is produced when fuels are burned.The amount of carbon dioxide in the air is continuing to increase.Changes of even a few degrees will affect us all through changes in the climate and even the po

37、ssibility that the polar ice caps may melt.(One of the consequences of polar ice cap melting would be a rise in global sea level,resulting in widespread coastal flooding.)Ozone depletion Ozone depletion is another result of pollution.Chemicals released by our activities affect the stratospherestrato

38、sphere,one of the atmospheric layers surrounding earth.The ozone layer in the stratosphere protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet radiationultraviolet radiation from the sun.The health effects of major air pollutants Sulphur dioxide Suspended particulate matter(SPM)Oxides of Nitrogen Polycyclic

39、 aromatic hydrocarbon(多多环芳烃环芳烃)Dioxins(二二口口恶英类恶英类)Sulphur dioxide(SO2)Sulphur dioxide(SO2)is a gas produced from burning coal,mainly in thermal power plants.Some industrial processes,such as production of paper and smelting of metals,produce sulphur dioxide.It is a major contributor to smog and acid

40、 rain.Sulfur dioxide can lead to lung diseases.刺激眼、鼻咽粘膜刺激眼、鼻咽粘膜 刺激上呼吸道收缩、分泌增多；炎症、刺激上呼吸道收缩、分泌增多；炎症、腐蚀性组织坏死；致急性支气管炎、肺腐蚀性组织坏死；致急性支气管炎、肺水肿。水肿。进入肺深部进入肺深部 FeO3 H2SO4 肺纤维病变肺纤维病变 肺气肿肺气肿 变态反应原，引起支气管哮喘变态反应原，引起支气管哮喘促癌作用促癌作用Nitrogen oxide(Nox)Nitrogen oxide(Nox)is produced from burning fuels including petrol,di

41、esel,and coal.NOx(littleNOx(little water-solubility)water-solubility)Little stimulation to eyes and upper airwayLittle stimulation to eyes and upper airway it is easy to intrude into deep airway it is easy to intrude into deep airway and air sacand air sac（peroxidationperoxidation of alveolar surfac

42、tant of alveolar surfactant，damage the ciliated epithelial damage the ciliated epithelial cells and alveolar cell cells and alveolar cell，cause emphysema,wet lung,COPDcause emphysema,wet lung,COPD）NOxNOx nitrite nitrite(亚硝酸盐亚硝酸盐)combine with hemoglobin(血红蛋白血红蛋白)Decrease the oxygen carrying capacityO

43、rganiztion hypoxia The pulmonary damage is obvious when the most The pulmonary damage is obvious when the most amount of Nitrogen oxideamount of Nitrogen oxide is NOis NO2 2.But when the.But when the most amount of Nitrogen oxidemost amount of Nitrogen oxide is is NO,methemoglobinemiaNO,methemoglobi

44、nemia and the damage to the and the damage to the central nervecentral nerve Nitrogen oxide(Nox)causes smog and acid rain.Suspended particulate matter(SPM)Suspended particulate matter(SPM)consists of solids in the air in the form of smoke,dust,and vapour that can remain suspended for extended period

45、s and is also the main source of haze which reduces visibility.The finer of these particles,when breathed in can lodge in our lungs and cause lung damage and respiratory problems.Health effect of SPM：Blockage effect to partial organization immunotoxicity“carrier”function promotion（metal）Influence so

46、lar radiation Long-term hazard3.Indoor Air Pollution Persons spend nearly 75 percent of their life time indoors at work,at school,and at home or between these places in an automobile.They have more chances to expose to indoor air pollutants than outdoor air pollutants.For infants,the elderly,persons

47、 with chronic diseases,and most urban residents of any age,the proportion is probably higher,so they are at greater risk.In addition,the concentrations of many pollutants indoors exceed those outdoors.The indoor environment has only recently been widely appreciated as a major contributor to total pe

48、rsonsal exposure.Indoor air pollution is now identified as one of the most critical global environmental problems.MagnitudeSick-Building Syndromes(SBS)This collection of ailments,defined by a set of persistent symptoms enduring at least 2 weeks,occurs in at least 20 percent of those exposed and is t

49、ypically of unknown specific etiology but is relieved sometime after an affected individual leaves the offending building.Symptoms Commonly Associated with the Sick-Building Syndromes Eyes,nose,and throat irritation Headaches Fatigue Reduced attention span Irritability Nasal congestion Difficulty br

50、eathing Nosebleeds Dry skin NauseaSources Indoor air pollutants may be physical,chemical or biological.There are many sources of indoor air pollution.Tobacco smoke,cooking and heating appliances,and vapors from building materials,paints,furniture,etc.Pollution exposure at home and work is often grea