人教版七年级上册《英语》语法基础句子成分(共29张PPT)ppt课件.ppt

1、 I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday afternoon.主主谓谓 定语定语 宾语宾语 同位语同位语 地点状语地点状语 时间状语时间状语指出下列句子的句法成分：指出下列句子的句法成分：（一（一）主语）主语 主语主语指的是被陈述或被说明的对象，表示谓语所说的是“谁”或“什么”。通常由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词或从句担任。vShe went out in a hurry.vTo see is to believe.vSmoking is bad for health.vWhen we shall leave ha

2、snt been decided.vThe young should respect the old.vThe wounded _taken good care of there.vWhat he has just said _true.wereis1.形容词或分词前加形容词或分词前加the 可以表示一类可以表示一类人，做主语时，谓语动人，做主语时，谓语动 词用复数。词用复数。2.从句也可以做主语，称为主语从句，从句也可以做主语，称为主语从句，此时谓语动词用单数。此时谓语动词用单数。1、笑笑是具有多重意义的语言。是具有多重意义的语言。2、骄傲骄傲是无知的产物。是无知的产物。3、学习一门外语学习

3、一门外语很重要。很重要。4、他不去他不去是个好消息。是个好消息。汉语汉语中，除了名词和代词等可以作主语外，动词中，除了名词和代词等可以作主语外，动词/动词短动词短语（例语（例1、3）、形容词）、形容词/形容词短语（例形容词短语（例2）、主谓短语）、主谓短语（例（例4）都可以作主语，英译时，主语应变成相应的名词）都可以作主语，英译时，主语应变成相应的名词形式（例形式（例1、2）、动名词或不定式短语（例）、动名词或不定式短语（例3）或主语从）或主语从句（例句（例4）。）。比比 较较Laughter is a kind of meaningful language.Pride is the prod

4、uct of ignorance.To learn a foreign language is important.(Learning a foreign language is important.)That he wont go is good news.（二）（二）谓语谓语 谓语谓语用来说明主语所发出的动作或具有的特征和状态，由动词构成。有简单谓语、复合谓语之分。1.简单谓语：是由动词或动词词组组成的。vEveryone laughed.vI saw the red flag on the top of the hill.2.复合谓语：是由“情态动词或助动词+动词”构成；“连系动词+表语

5、”也构成复合谓语。vHe can speak English very well.vDo you speak English?vThe work must be done before three oclock.vHe is a teacher.vShe is in good health.1、明天星期六。Tomorrow is Saturday.2、那个小孩很可爱。The baby is lovely.u汉语中，除了动词，名词（例1）、形容词（例2）也可以作谓语，而英语只有动词能作谓语，英译时，译成“主+系+表”结构，此时，相应的名词和形容词作表语。比较比较（三）（三）表语表语表语表语用来说

6、明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态等，常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当，它常位于系动词（be,become,appear,seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell 等词）之后。Africa is a big continent.Several students were ill.Her job is selling computers.Our next step was to get raw materials ready.This is what he said.The story sounds interestingThe desk

7、 feels hard.比较：比较：汉语中没有表语，汉汉语中没有表语，汉语把联系动词语把联系动词“是是”后面的名词性成分归后面的名词性成分归入宾语中。入宾语中。（四）（四）宾语宾语 宾语宾语是动作的对象或承受者，一般用在及物动词或介词后面。vI love my motherland.vThey have built another power plant.vShe promised to help me.vI dont know what he said at the meeting.vWe must fight for peace.宾语包括间接宾语(人)和直接宾语(物)。间接宾语表示谓语动作

8、的方向（对谁做）或动作的目标（为谁做），紧接在谓语动词后；直接宾语是谓语动作的承受者。vThey offered me the job.v I ordered us three dishes.双宾语动词双宾语动词offerorderbring,order,buy,book(预订)give,lend,show,Please show your passport to me.Ill fetch a chair for you.温馨提示：温馨提示：间接宾语可以用一个由间接宾语可以用一个由to（表示动作方向）（表示动作方向）或或for（表示动作目标）引起的短语来表示。（表示动作目标）引起的短语来表示。

9、这时，间接宾语置于直接宾语之后。这时，间接宾语置于直接宾语之后。v Please show me your passport.vIll fetch（去拿来）you a chair.想一想：想一想：哪些动词后接哪些动词后接to+间接宾语？间接宾语？哪些动词后加哪些动词后加for+间接宾语？间接宾语？（五）（五）宾语补足语宾语补足语 有些动词的宾语后需要添加部分内容对宾语进行补充说明，称为宾语补足语宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。vI found the book very interesting.vHe made himself known to them first.vShe a

10、sked me to lend her a land.vI consider her as my best friend.想一想：有哪些常见的带宾语补足语的结构？invite/want/tell/ask sb.to do sth.help/listen to/see/hear sb.do sth have/let/make sb.do sth listen to/hear/see sb.doing sth.（六）（六）定语定语 定语定语用在主语或宾语前面，起修饰或限制作用，通常由形容词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句担任。vThat is a difficult prob

11、lem.vThere is nothing new in the statement.vDo you know Toms/his sister?vI broke the window pane（窗玻璃）.vThe clouds above began to get thicker.vWhere is the letter from my sister?vI have no time to write to him.vWe must catch the train leaving at 7:30.vAll that can be done has been done.（七）（七）状语状语 状语状

12、语是句子中修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的成分，通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词或从句担任，可表时间、地点、原因、目的、方式、伴随、条件、程度、让步、频率等。vThey are working hard.vShe is very enthusiastic about it.vHe works extremely hard.vThe situation is indeed excellent.vHe comes to see us every day.vWe are one and all in favor of the decision.vTo get to work on time,

13、I must take the early bus.vHe is at the library looking up some information.vShe was beautiful when she was a girl.vIll be back in a while.vHe was late because of the heavy rain.vPlease call me up if it is necessary.（八）（八）同位语同位语 同位语同位语，是指跟在某些名词的后面，对前者做进一步的解释、说明、补充和概括，但不对前者起修饰作用的一种句子成分。由名词、代词、数词或从句等充

14、当。uThe youngest boy，Peter，refused to accept the money u Football，his only interest in life，has brought him many friends u We four were greatly touched to hear the old mans story u We are looking into the question whether he is worth trusting u The news that l have passed the exam is true名词 动词 形容词 副词

15、主语 谓语 定语 状语 宾语英语词的功能英语词的功能 主要功能；次要功能名词 动词 形容词 副词主语 谓语 定语 状语 宾语汉语词的功能汉语词的功能 主要功能；次要功能；局部功能句子成分分析主语谓语宾语注He is crying。谓语是由两部分组成The boyis short。“连系动词+表语”组成谓语部分。Maryatean apple。及物动词eat需要跟上动作的承受者an apple，即宾语，句意因此完整。句子成分英文名说明常用词类例句主主语语subject句子所要说明的动作或状态的主体（人或事物）名词、代词I am a student.谓谓语语predicate表示主语的动作或状态动

16、词You read the book.表表语语predicative 放在连系动词be后表示主语的身份或特征。名词、代词、形容词She is a teacher。宾宾语语object表示及物动词动作的对象名词、代词Mike did the job。定定语语attribute限定或修饰名词、代词形容词The black dog barks。状状语语adverbial 修饰动词、形容词、副词之用，表示时间、地点、状态、程度等含义副词 Run quickly。句子成分英文名说明常用词类例句宾语宾语补足补足语语complement对宾语进行补充说明，与宾语一起构成复合宾语。名词、形容词I find t

17、he book very boring.同位同位语语appositive对前面的名词或代词做进一步解释。名词、数词、代词或从句This is Mr.Li,our headmaster.The news that he is ill worries us.独立独立成分成分independent elements与全句没有什么语法关系，有感叹词、肯定与否定的答语、插入语、呼语等感叹词副词短语Oh,hello,I think,to tell you the truth,Mr.Li,Your Majesty,Mum.Yes,no （主谓）（主谓）（主系表）（主系表）（主谓宾）（主谓宾）（主谓间宾直宾）

18、（主谓间宾直宾）（主谓宾宾补（主谓宾宾补）句子的谓语动词能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不不及物动词及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。1.The sun was shining.太阳在照耀着。2.The moon rose.月亮升起了。3.The universe remains.宇宙长存。4.We all breathe,eat,and drink.我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。5.Who cares?管它呢？6.What he said does not matter.他所讲的没有什么关系。7.They talked for half an hour.他们谈了半个小时。8.The p

19、en writes smoothly.这支笔书写流利。基本句型一基本句型一 （主谓）（主谓）特点特点 （不及物动词（不及物动词）句子的谓语动词不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主句子的谓语动词不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做动词叫做连系动词连系动词。系动词分两类：。系动词分两类：be,look,keep,seem等属一等属一类，表示情况；类，表示情况；get,grow,become,turn等属另一类，表示变化。等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义本身

20、没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。保持其部分词义。1.This is an English-Chinese dictionary.这是本英汉辞典。这是本英汉辞典。2.The dinner smells good.午餐的气味很好。午餐的气味很好。3.Everything looks different.一切看来都不同了。一切看来都不同了。4.He is growing tall and strong.他长得又高又壮。他长得又高又壮。5.The troubleis that they are short of money.麻烦

21、的是他们缺少钱。麻烦的是他们缺少钱。6.Our well has gone dry.我们的井干枯了。我们的井干枯了。7.His face turned red.他的脸红了。他的脸红了。基本句型基本句型 二二 （主系表）（主系表）特点特点（系动词）（系动词）谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词及物动词。1.Who knows the answer?谁知道答案？2.She smiled her thanks.她微笑表示感谢。3.He has refused to help them.他拒绝帮他们。4.H

22、e enjoys reading.他喜欢看书。5.They ate what was left over.他们吃了剩饭。6.He said Good morning.他说：早上好！7.I want to have a cup of tea.我想喝杯茶。8.He admits that he was mistaken.他承认犯了错误。基本句型基本句型 三三 （主谓宾）（主谓宾）特点特点（及物动词）（及物动词）谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一介

23、词被省略。1.She ordered herself a new dress.她给自己定了一套新衣裳。她给自己定了一套新衣裳。2.She cooked her husband a delicious meal.她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。3.He brought you a dictionary.他给你带来了一本字典。他给你带来了一本字典。4.He denies her nothing.他对她什么都不拒绝。他对她什么都不拒绝。5.I showed him my pictures.我给他看我的照片。我给他看我的照片。6.I gave my car a wash.我洗了我的汽车。我

24、洗了我的汽车。7.I told him that the bus was late.我告诉他汽车晚点了。我告诉他汽车晚点了。8.He showed me how to run the machine.他教我开机器。他教我开机器。基本句型基本句型 四四 （主谓间宾直宾）（主谓间宾直宾）特点特点（及物）（多指人）（多指物）动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。1.They appointed him manager.他们任命他当经理。2.They painted the door green.他们把门漆成绿色。3.This set

25、 them thinking.这使得他们要想一想。4.They found the house deserted.他们发现那房子无人居住。5.What makes him think so?他怎么会这样想？6.We saw him out.我们送他出去。7.He asked me to come back soon.他要我早点回来。8.I saw them getting on the bus.我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。基本句型基本句型 五五 （主谓宾宾补）（主谓宾宾补）特点特点（及物）（及物）（宾语）（宾语）（宾补）（宾补）常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分

26、不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。uWe found the hall full.我们发现礼堂坐满了。uWe found the great hall full of students and teachers.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师。uWe found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report.我们

27、发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听一个重要报告。uWe found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a comrade from the Peoples Daily on current affairs in East Europe.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听人民日报的一位 同志作有关东欧局势的重要报告。1.Time flies fast.2.There will be a good meal for us at our aunts.3.The r

28、ive rose ten feet in the night.4.I heard him shout.5.He bought some sweets for his son.6.I prefer my coffee hot.7.Dont worry about me;just take care of yourself.8.You can rely on him to do anything that is necessary.9.A lot of noise is going on outside.10.The little girl can dress herself now.11.It

29、was a pity that you didnt watch that wonderful match.12.I felt my heart beat rapidly.13.Do you want to come to the party?14.We should do something to help the students in difficulties.15.How long have you worked in the hospital?16.The skirt is a bit too long for me.17.The Chinese people long for the

30、 realization of the four modernizations.18.The milk tastes fresh.19.I am in a hurry to find a job.20.I found your shoes under the bed.21.I am against this plan though you are all for it.22.I find it hard to get along with her.23.It is necessary for me to help her in trouble.24.Its kind of you to let

31、 me know your secrets.25.I m wondering whether its winter or fall.26.Whether it will be fine or not isnt known to us all.27.Is this the school where you once studied?28.Is this school the one you visited last year?29.He is the last person for such a job.30.This is the last place where I expected to meet you.