非谓语动词语法复习课件.ppt

1、分词的用法分词的用法现在分词的用法现在分词的用法-ing分词的构成分词的构成 -ing分词是由动词原形加词尾分词是由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。构成。-ing分词同样有时态和语态的变化，通常有下表几分词同样有时态和语态的变化，通常有下表几种形式（以种形式（以do为例）：为例）：主动形式主动形式被动形式被动形式一般式一般式doing完成式完成式-ing分词的否定形式是由分词的否定形式是由not 加加-ing分词构成。分词构成。being donehaving donehaving been done-ing分词做分词做主语主语 Saying is easier than doing.说比做容易。

2、说比做容易。为了保持句子平衡，通常用形式主语为了保持句子平衡，通常用形式主语it，而把真，而把真实主语放在句末。实主语放在句末。e.g.It is no use crying over spilt milk.作无益的后悔是没有用的。作无益的后悔是没有用的。在在There is no结构中，通常用结构中，通常用-ing分词。分词。e.g.There is no joking about such matters.这种事开不得玩笑。这种事开不得玩笑。-ing分词做分词做表语表语 Seeing is believing.The problem is quite puzzling.-ing分词做分词做

3、宾语宾语ing分词作动词宾语。分词作动词宾语。(avoid,appreciate,consider,escape,enjoy,finish,imagine,keep,mind,practise,risk,suggest,spend)e.g.I suggest doing it in a different way.We enjoy attending Miss Lis class.-ing分词作宾语也可用在复合宾语中作真正的宾语，分词作宾语也可用在复合宾语中作真正的宾语，而用而用it作形式宾语。作形式宾语。e.g.I dont think it possible living in such

4、a cold place.Do you consider it any good trying again?你觉得再试一次会有好处吗？你觉得再试一次会有好处吗？-ing分词做分词做宾语宾语-ing分词作介词宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。分词作介词宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。e.g Im against inviting him to dinner.They dont feel like walking that much.此类短语还有如：此类短语还有如：look forward to,lead to,object to,devoteto,contributeto,stick to,get d

5、own to,be/get used(accustomed)to,adapt to,pay attention to,be proud of,be fond of,be afraid of,be tired of,think of,dream of,hear of,be ashamed of,insist on,depend on,keep on,preventfrom,keepfrom,stopfrom,excusefor,be responsible for,aim at,set about,succeed in,be engaged in,be interested in,cant he

6、lp,give up,feel like-ing分词作分词作定语定语单个单个的分词作定语一般放在被修饰词的的分词作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面前面。e.g.a waiting car a sleeping child flying fish the exciting news a boring speech-ing分词作分词作定语定语-ing分词分词短语短语作定语应放在被修饰词的作定语应放在被修饰词的后面后面，也相当于一个定语从句。，也相当于一个定语从句。e.g.Who is the gentleman standing by the door?They lived in a house fac

7、ing south.-ing分词作分词作定语定语ing分词还可以作非限制性定语，相当于分词还可以作非限制性定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，常用一个非限制性定语从句，常用逗号逗号和句子和句子其它部分分开。其它部分分开。e.g.When she appeared,John,wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat,ran to her with joy.当她出现的时候，约翰穿着一件又脏又破的当她出现的时候，约翰穿着一件又脏又破的大衣高兴地跑了过去。大衣高兴地跑了过去。-ing分词做分词做状语状语-ing分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果分词作状语可以表示时间、原

8、因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。-ing分词短语作分词短语作时间状语时间状语，相当于一个时，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时可由连词间状语从句，有时可由连词when,while引引出出e.g.While reading the book,he nodded from time to time.他一边看书，一边不时地点头。他一边看书，一边不时地点头。Seeing those pictures,she remembered her childhood.看到那些画，她想起了她的童年。看到那些画，她想起了她的童年。-ing分词做分词做状语状语-ing分词短语作分词短

9、语作原因状语原因状语，相当于一个原，相当于一个原因状语从句。因状语从句。e.g.Not knowing his address,I cant send this book to him.因为不知道他的地址，我不能把这本书送给他。因为不知道他的地址，我不能把这本书送给他。Many of us,being so excited,couldnt go to sleep that night.因为非常激动，那晚我们许多人都没睡着。因为非常激动，那晚我们许多人都没睡着。-ing分词做分词做状语状语ing分词短语作分词短语作结果状语结果状语。e.g.His father died,leaving him

10、a lot of money.他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground,breaking it into pieces.她非常生气，把玩具扔在地上，摔得粉她非常生气，把玩具扔在地上，摔得粉碎。碎。-ing分词做分词做状语状语-ing分词作分词作伴随状语伴随状语，可以放在句子的前面、，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间。后面或中间。e.g.They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky.他们在那儿站了半小

11、时，观察着天上的星星。他们在那儿站了半小时，观察着天上的星星。Following the old man,the young people started walking slowly.年轻人跟在老人的后面开始慢慢地走起来。年轻人跟在老人的后面开始慢慢地走起来。-ing分词做分词做状语状语-ing分词也可作分词也可作条件状语条件状语和和让步状语让步状语，相当于一个状，相当于一个状语从句。语从句。e.g.A person standing at the foot of a high mountain will find himself very small.一个人如站在大山的脚下会发现自己很渺小

12、。一个人如站在大山的脚下会发现自己很渺小。Knowing all this,they made me pay for the damage.尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。注：注：-ing分词作状语时，它的分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语逻辑主语就是整个就是整个句子的句子的主语主语。（。（主语一致主语一致）-ing分词做分词做状语状语“with/without+名词普通格或代词宾格名词普通格或代词宾格+-ing分分词词”结构在句中作状语，表示伴随情况或时间、结构在句中作状语，表示伴随情况或时间、原因等。原因等。e.g.His hair became

13、 grey with the years passing.Without anyone noticing,he slipped through the window.没人注意，他从窗户溜了出去。没人注意，他从窗户溜了出去。-ing分词做分词做宾语补足语宾语补足语-ing分词可以在分词可以在see,hear,notice,watch,feel,observe,have,get,leave,keep,catch,find等动等动词后面和一个名词或代词构成一个复合宾语，词后面和一个名词或代词构成一个复合宾语，作宾语补足语。作宾语补足语。e.g.I noticed a man running out

14、of the bank when I got off the car.Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop.-ing分词做分词做补语补语上面这类句子也可变成被动语态，这时，上面这类句子也可变成被动语态，这时，-ing分词可看成是主语补语。分词可看成是主语补语。e.g.We were kept waiting for quite a long time.让我们等了好长时间。让我们等了好长时间。Jily was never heard singing that song again.人们再也没

15、有听到吉丽唱这首歌了。人们再也没有听到吉丽唱这首歌了。过去分词过去分词的用法的用法 过去分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方过去分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个形容词或副词，在句中可以面也相当于一个形容词或副词，在句中可以作作表语、定语、状语和补足语表语、定语、状语和补足语。1)过去分词作过去分词作表语表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。或所处的状态。e.g.Dont touch the glass because it is broken.She is quite pleased with the design of the dress.过去分词做过去

16、分词做定语定语单个单个的过去分词作定语一般放在名词的的过去分词作定语一般放在名词的前面前面 e.g.The excited people rushed into the building.We need more qualified teachers.过去分词过去分词短语短语作定语通常放在被修饰的词作定语通常放在被修饰的词后面后面，相，相当于一个定语从句。当于一个定语从句。e.g.Is there anything planned for tomorrow?The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager.

17、过去分词做过去分词做定语定语过去分词作定语也可用作非限制性定语，前后过去分词作定语也可用作非限制性定语，前后用用逗号逗号隔开。隔开。e.g.The books,written by Lu Xun,are popular with many Chinese people.The meeting,attended by one thousand students,was a success.过去分词做过去分词做状语状语 过去分词和过去分词和-ing分词作状语一样，也可以表示分词作状语一样，也可以表示时时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。等。表表时间时间，相

18、当于一个时间状语从句，有时过去，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时过去分词前可加连词分词前可加连词when或或while来强调时间概念来强调时间概念 e.g.Seen from the top of the hill,the city looked like a big garden.Accepted by the Party,he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.入党以后，他决定献身于党的事业。入党以后，他决定献身于党的事业。过去分词做过去分词做状语状语表表原因原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。，相当于一个原因状语从句。e.g.

19、Deeply moved by the story,the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.激动的人们被那个故事深深地感动了，停止激动的人们被那个故事深深地感动了，停止了争吵。了争吵。Encouraged by the speech,the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.受到了讲演的鼓舞，年轻人决定起来从事斗争。受到了讲演的鼓舞，年轻人决定起来从事斗争。过去分词做过去分词做状语状语表表条件条件，相当于一个条件状语从句，有时过去，相当于一个条件

20、状语从句，有时过去分词前可用分词前可用if 等词。等词。e.g.Given another chance,he will do better.Compared with your brother,you should make greater efforts to study English.过去分词做过去分词做状语状语表表让步让步，相当于一个，相当于一个though/although引导的让引导的让步状语从句。步状语从句。e.g.Exhausted by the running,they went on running after the robber.尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶

21、尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。着那个强盗。Laughed at by many people,he continued his study.尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。过去分词做过去分词做状语状语表表方式或伴随方式或伴随情况。情况。e.g.The old man went into the room,supported by his wife.那个老人在他的妻子的搀扶下走进了房间。那个老人在他的妻子的搀扶下走进了房间。Seated at the table,my father and I were talking about

22、my job.我和父亲坐在桌子旁边讨论着我的工作问题。我和父亲坐在桌子旁边讨论着我的工作问题。过去分词做过去分词做补足语补足语过去分词可以在过去分词可以在see,hear,notice,watch,find,get,have,feel,make,leave,keep等词后与一名词或代等词后与一名词或代词构成复合宾语，用作宾语补语。词构成复合宾语，用作宾语补语。e.g.When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined?When you are making a speech,you should speak louder

23、to make yourself heard.当这类句子变成被动语态时，过去分词用作主语当这类句子变成被动语态时，过去分词用作主语补语。补语。e.g.They should be kept informed of the situation there.To do 不定式不定式形式形式（以（以do为例）为例）主动式主动式 被动式被动式 一般式一般式 完成式完成式 进行式进行式 完成进行完成进行式式 to doto be doneto have been doneto have doneto be doingto have been doing不定式作不定式作主语主语&表语表语 e.g.To s

24、ee is to believe.To see once is better than to hear a hundred times.百闻不如一见。百闻不如一见。不定式作不定式作宾语宾语 e.g.He wanted to know the truth.Do you think it better to translate it in this way?注意注意：1).manage,choose,fail,refuse,promise,decide,happen,hope,offer,pretend2).remember,forget,regret,stop,try,mean,like 不定式

25、作不定式作补语补语 e.g.I never expected the shoes to be worn out so soon.1).在在make,let,have等使役动词和等使役动词和see,watch,notice,hear,feel等感官动词后的复合宾语中，动词不定式等感官动词后的复合宾语中，动词不定式不带不带to。e.g.I often hear her sing in the next room.注意：注意：当使役动词和感官动词变为被动语态时，不定式就当使役动词和感官动词变为被动语态时，不定式就成了主语补语，作主语补语的不定式必须成了主语补语，作主语补语的不定式必须加加to。e.g

26、.He is often heard to sing the song.注意：注意：get,leave也有也有“让让”“”“叫叫”的意思，和使役动词意的意思，和使役动词意思相近，但后面的不定式作宾语补足语必须要思相近，但后面的不定式作宾语补足语必须要有有to。e.g.Ill get him to try it again.不定式作不定式作补语补语 2).think,consider,believe,declare,suppose,find,imagine,know,understand,take,prove,feel等动词后面接的不定等动词后面接的不定式短语作补语多由式短语作补语多由to be

27、+形容词或名词构成，形容词或名词构成，think,consider,find后的后的to be常可省略。常可省略。e.g.The young man was considered to have great promise.When he woke up,she found herself(to be)badly injured.I thought her(to be)nice and honest the first time I met her.不定式作不定式作定语定语 1).1).序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级或被only,last,next等词等词修饰的名词可以用不定式作

28、定语。修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语。e.g.He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave.The next person to attend the meeting is Dr.Baker.不定式作不定式作定语定语 2).有一些名词经常带不定式作定语。如：有一些名词经常带不定式作定语。如：person,man,thing,something,anything,nothing,time,way,reason,chance,courage,opportunity等。等。e.g.We students should h

29、ave the courage to face any difficulty.He had no reason to leave his friends and live alone on the island.不定式作不定式作定语定语 3).不定式作定语时，有时与被修饰的名词之间不定式作定语时，有时与被修饰的名词之间有意义上的动宾关系，如果该不定式动词是有意义上的动宾关系，如果该不定式动词是不及物动词，它后面需加上适当的不及物动词，它后面需加上适当的介词介词。e.g.We are looking for a house to live in.There is nothing to worry

30、 about.不定式作不定式作状语状语不定式作状语可以表示行为的不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原目的、结果、原因、条件因、条件等。等。作作目的目的状语，也可以用状语，也可以用in order(not)to,so as(not)to结构。结构。e.g.In order to protect the young plants from the sun,Mother put them in the shade.He got up very early this morning so as not to be late for school again.不定式作不定式作状语状语作作结果结果状语

31、，常见结构有状语，常见结构有tooto,enoughto,soas to,suchas to,only to e.g.The question is too difficult for me to answer.He woke up only to find himself in hospital.不定式作不定式作状语状语作作原因原因状语，用来修饰表示情感、心理状态、状语，用来修饰表示情感、心理状态、性格等的形容词性格等的形容词,有：有：happy,glad,lucky,fortunate,surprised,angry,anxious,ready,quick,slow,cruel,cleve

32、r,frightened,shocked,sorry,eager,proud,disappointed,foolish,impatient,unwise,naughty e.g.They are surprised to learn of his death.The room is very comfortable to live in.不定式主动语态和被动语态的区别不定式主动语态和被动语态的区别 不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关主谓关系系时，不定式往往用主动形式。时，不定式往往用主动形式。e.g.Have you got a key

33、to unlock the door?不定式做后置定语，和被修饰名词或代词构成逻辑上的不定式做后置定语，和被修饰名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系主谓关系时，不时，不定式常用主动形式，不定式为不及物动词时，其后应加定式常用主动形式，不定式为不及物动词时，其后应加相应的相应的介词介词。e.g.Do you have anything to say on this question?He is a pleasant person to work with.不定式主动语态和被动语态的区别不定式主动语态和被动语态的区别 不定式作表语形容词

34、的状语，和句子主语构成逻辑不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句子主语构成逻辑上的上的动宾关系动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，不定式为时，不定式多用主动形式，不定式为不及物动词时要加相应的不及物动词时要加相应的介词介词。e.g.The fish is delicious to eat.The chair is comfortable to sit on.不定式主动语态和被动语态的区别不定式主动语态和被动语态的区别 在在There be结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人人去去完成某件事时，不定式用完成某件事时，不定式用主动主动形式；如果说话人强形式；如果说话人强调的是调的是事

35、情本身事情本身必须完成，则用必须完成，则用被动被动形式。形式。e.g.There is nothing to worry about.There is a lot of work to do.（表示某人必须做这工作）（表示某人必须做这工作）There is a lot of work to be done.（强调有许多事情必须做。）（强调有许多事情必须做。）独立主格独立主格 独立主格独立主格 e.g.Mom being ill,I had to stay at home to take care of her.独立主格的逻辑主语独立存在（与句子独立主格的逻辑主语独立存在（与句子主语不同主语不同

36、），），且用且用逗号逗号分格；分格；结构中的非谓语形式取决于其中中的结构中的非谓语形式取决于其中中的主谓关系主谓关系。e.g.Weather permitting,we are going to have a picnic tomorrow.The test finished,we began out vacation.Non-infinitive 2008 _ that she was going off to sleep,I asked if shed like that little doll on her bed.A.Seeing B.To see C.See D.SeenNon-in

37、finitive 2008-Did the book give the information you needed?-Yes.But _ it,I had to read the entire book.A.to find B.find C.to be finding D.findingNon-infinitive 2008 I feel greatly honored _ into their society.A.to welcome B.welcoming C.to be welcomed D.welcomedNon-infinitive 200728.-Excuse me sir,wh

38、ere is Room 301?-Just a minute.Ill have Bob _ you to your room.A.show B.shows C.to show D.showingNon-infinitive 200729.He is a student at Oxford University,_ for a degree in computer science.A.studied B.studying C.to have studied D.to be studyingNon-infinitive 200628.There have been several new events _ to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.A.add B.to add C.adding D.addedNon-infinitive 200635.I cant stand _ with Jane in the same office.She just refuses _ talking while she works.A.working;stopping B.to work;stopping C.working;to stop D.to work;to stop