英美文学鉴赏课件.ppt

1、英美文学复习材料1.Jeffery Chaucer(1340-1400)Father/founder of English Poetry was buried in“poets corner”in Westminster Abbey Major works:The Romaunt of the Rose 玫瑰传奇 The Parliament of Fowls百鸟议会 Troilus and Criseyde 特鲁伊罗斯和克里塞德 The Legend of Good Women好女人传 The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集The Canterbury Tales The

2、story of a group of thirty people who travel as pilgrims to Canterbury.A rich,tapestry(织锦)of medieval social life combining elements of all classes,from nobles to workers,from priests and nuns to drunkards and thieves.The Canterbury Tales 1.london dialect 伦敦方言 2.heroic couplet英雄双韵体 3.iambic pentamet

3、er五音步抑扬格 4.order of words 语序 5.humor,satire and irony 幽默与讽刺艺术The General Prologue（总序）The General Prologue consists of character sketches of each member of the group that is going to Canterbury The setting(P3-4)The Prioress 女修道院副院长女修道院副院长(P4-5)irony 反讽反讽 secular 世俗的世俗的 hypocritical 虚伪的虚伪的2.William Sh

4、akespeare(1564-1616)Renaissance Meaning:rebirth or revival Time:began in the 14th century,end in the 17th century.Place:began in Italy,later spread to France,Spain and England.A keen interest in the Greek and Latin culture;the art and science of ancient Greece and Rome were being born again after lo

5、ng years of neglect.Essence:humanismWilliam Shakespeare Works 37 plays 2 long narrative poems 154 sonnetsWilliam Shakespeare Drama:Tragedies-Hamlet,Macbeth,King Lear,Othello,Romeo and Juliet Comedies-As You Like It,The Merchants of Venice,Much Ado About Nothing,A Midsummer Nights Dream，The Taming of

6、 the Shrew,Twelfth Night Histories-Henry IV,Henry V,Henry VI,Henry VIII,Richard III,Romances/tragicomedies:Cymbeline,The TempestHamlet Characters:Hamlet,Claudius,Gertrude,Ophelia,Polonius,Laertes Plot(P10-11)Theme Act III,Scene I“To be or not to be”(P11-12)Soliloquy(内心独白)（P16）William Shakespeare:Son

7、net A sonnet is a lyric invariably of fourteen lines,usually in iambic pentameter五音步抑扬格,restricted to a definite rhyme scheme韵律.Three types of sonnet1)Petrarchan sonnet(彼特拉克体彼特拉克体/意大利十四意大利十四行诗行诗)2)Spenserian Sonnet（斯宾塞体十四行诗）（斯宾塞体十四行诗）3)Shakespearian Sonnet（莎士比亚（莎士比亚/英国体十英国体十四行诗四行诗Shakespearian Sonne

8、t 3 quatrains+a couplet abab cdcd efef gg Sonnet 18(P14)“Shall I compare thee to a summers day?”Theme:A nice summer day is usually transient,but the beauty in poetry can last forever.Thus Shakespeare expresses his faith in the permanence of poetry,of art and love.Figures of speech:simile,metaphor,pe

9、rsonificationArtistic achievements Characterization:Shakespeares major characters are individuals representing certain types.Shakespeare succeeds in exploring the characters inner world.Shakespeare also portrays his characters in pairsContrasts plot construction:Shakespeare seldom invents his own pl

10、ot;instead,he borrows them.There are usually several clues running through the play,thus providing the story with the suspense and apprehension.Language:different poetic forms,such as the sonnet,the blank verse and the rhymed couplet.rich in vocabulary and idiom.3.John Milton(1608-1674)English poet

11、in 17th century Both his life and his works are closely related to politics He became completely blind in 1652 Major works:Paradise Lost Paradise Regained Samson AgonistesParadise Lost epic 史诗 blank verse无韵诗 Plot(P21-22)Satans Adjuration(P22-23)The image of Satan/GodSonnet On His Deceased Wife(P24)T

12、o his second wife Katherine Woodcock abba abba cdcdcd4.Daniel Defoe(1660-1731)One of the pioneers of the realistic novel in 18th century Masterpiece:Robinson Crusoe(1719)Robinson Crusoe Forerunner of the English realistic novel Based on a real story(P30)plot(P30-31)Image of Robinson Crusoe:typical o

13、f the English bourgeoisie(资产阶级)of the 18th century：hard-working,iron-willed,persistent,self-reliant theme:the molding of character through the influence of varied environment;glorifying the human labor;a typical character of English bourgeoisie at the early stages of its development;colonization in

14、germ.(P31)Excerpt:P31-34Romanticism Begins with the publication of Lyrical Ballads(1798)and ends with the death of Sir Walter Scott(1832).Pre-romantic poets:William Blake,Robet Burns Active romantic poets:George Gordon Byron,Percy Bysshe Shelley,John Keats Passive romantic poets/Lake Poets:William W

15、ordsworth,Samuel Taylor Coleridge,Robert Southey.5.William Wordsworth Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人 Collaborate with Coleridge on Lyrical Ballads:a declaration of romanticism Define Poetry as“the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings,which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility”.A worshipper of n

16、ature I Wandered Lonely as Cloud Structure:four six-line stanzas;iambic tetrameter;rhyme scheme:ababcc;theme:the harmony between things in nature and the harmony between nature and the poet himself/Nature s beauty uplifts the human spirit.Figures of speech:simile,metaphor,personification6.Jane Auste

17、n(1775-1817)The first important English woman novelist Writing style:Theme:mostly about love and marriage Language:simple,humourous,witty,ironic Plot:straightforward,little action Characters:like real living persons Dialogues:true to lifeJane Austen(1775-1817)She called her work“a fine engraving mad

18、e upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square”(“两寸牙雕”):A very narrow literary field But within her own field,she is unrivaled:vivid portrait of her major characters and realistic and colorful pictures of the life and manners of the upper middle class in rual England of her timeJane Austen Ma

19、jor works:Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺(1818)Sense and Sensibility 理智与情感(1811)Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见(1813)Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德庄园(1814)Emma 艾玛(1816)Persuasion 劝导(1818)Pride and Prejudice“It is a truth universally acknowledged,that a single man in possesion of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.”Main c

20、haracters/plot/theme Dialogues Character analysis:Mr.and Mrs.Bennet;Elizabeth and Mr.Darcy;Jane and Mr.Bingley Pride/prejudice7.Washington Ivring Father of American literature.the father of American short stories.the first American writer to gain international game.His writing marks the beginning of

21、 Romanticism in American literatureWashington Ivring The story of Rip Van Winkle begins about five or six years before the American Revolution and ends twenty years later.The action takes place in a village in British colonial New York,near the Hudson River and the Catskill Mountains.The character o

22、f Rip Van Winkle:A simple,good-natured man;An obedient,henpecked(惧内的)husband;A great favorite among neighbors and children;who loathes（厌恶）profitable labor.Language:humorous Theme:the nostalgia for the unrecoverable past8.Brontee sisters Charlotte Brontee:Jane Eyre Emily Brontee:Wuthering Heights Ann

23、e Brontee:Agnes Grey The Tenant of the Wildfell Hall Jane Eyre The first important governess novel in the English literary history Plot:five stages Childhood at Gateshead Education at the Lowood School As a governess at Thornfield With the Rivers family at Moor House Her reunion with and marriage to

24、 Rochester at FerndeanJane Eyre Do you think I can stay to become nothing to you?Do you think I am an automaton?-a machine without feelings?and can bear to have my morsel of bread snatched from my lips,and my drop of living water dashed from my cup?Do you think,because I am poor,obscure,plain,and li

25、ttle,I am soulless and heartless?You think wrong!I have as much soul as you-and full as much heart!And if God had gifted me with some beauty and much wealth,I should have made it as hard for you to leave me,as it is now for me to leave you.I am not talking to you now through the medium of custom,con

26、ventionalities,nor even of mortal flesh:it is my sprit that addresses your spirit;just as if both had passed through the grave,and we stood at Gods feet,equal-as we are!Jane EyreA ground-breaking(开拓性的)novel:The heroine is small,plain,&poorThe heroine is the first female character to claim the right

27、to feel strongly about her emotions and act on her convictions（信念）3.It is the first governess novel in the history of English literature.4.It is a work of critical realism as well as the first and one of the most popular works of the working middle-class women.Wuthering Heights Characters:Wuthering

28、Heights vs Thrushcross Grange plot theme:love,class,revenge Excerpt:chapter 9(P91-96)Mr.LintonMr.EarnshawIsabellaEdgarCatherine Heathcliff HindleyLittle Catherine(Cathy)Little LintonHareton9.Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)An eventless life Remain single all her life 1,800 poems altogether,but only 7 wer

29、e published while she was alive Themes:death and immortality;nature;love;truth,beauty,etc.Emily Dickinson Poems:Because I could not stop for death(P116-117)Structure:six 4-line stanzas Theme:death leads to immortality Form:unconventional dash;capital letter Figures of speech:metaphor;personification

30、 I Died for beauty-but was scarce(P118)Theme:beauty and truth are ultimately one Im Nobody!(P119)Somebody/nobody/frog/bogStyle A:Her poems have no titles,hence the first line of each poem is always quoted as the title of each poem.B:particular stress pattern:dash“”C:Capital letters as a means of emp

31、hasis;D:Language:brief,direct,and plain;E:Poem:short,always on original images or symbols F:Short poetic lines,condensed by using intense metaphors and by extensive use of ellipsis.10.Mark Twain(1835-1910)Related literary terms:Local colorism(乡土文学):as a trend became dominant in American literature i

32、n the 1860s and early 1870s,it is defined as having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native.In literature,regionalism or local color referts to fiction or poetry that focuses on specific featureincluding characters

33、,dialects,customs,history,and landscapeof a particular region.Mark Twain employed an unpretentious style of colloquialism in his novels which is best described as“vernacular”.Mark Twain The Gilded Age(镀金时代):the term was coined by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner in their 1873 book,The Gilded Age

34、:A Tale of Today.In American history,the Gilded Age refers to substantial growth in population in the United States and extravagant displays of wealth and excess of Americas upper-class during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era,in the late 19th century.Mark Twain The Adventures of Tom Sa

35、wyer The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn The Prince and the Pauper The Cop and the Anthem Running for Governor The 1,000,000 Bank-Note The Innocents Abroad The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County The Gilded Age Life on the MississippiMark Twain The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn Plot Theme Main

36、 characters Writing style:humor;local colorism;vernacularExcerpt(P124-129):How Huck escapes from his father11.Ernest Hemingway(1899-1961)In 1954,he was awarded the Noble Prize for literature.Deeply depressed and tormented by failing artistic and physical power,he committed suicide on July2,1961.He i

37、s the spokesman for the Lost Generation.Major works The Sun Also Rises(1926)太阳照常升起太阳照常升起 A Farewell to Arms(1929)永别了，武器永别了，武器 For Whom the Bell Tolls(1940)丧钟为谁而鸣丧钟为谁而鸣 The Old Man and the Sea(1952)老人与海老人与海（Pulizer Prize,Nobel Prize）Ernest Hemingway Hemingways hero is usually isolated,and fights a go

38、od fight.There is a particular term for his character,“the code hero/man”(硬汉形象)。（P166）He thinks a writer should write little,so that readers can understand much more.This is calles Iceberg Principle(冰山原则).（P166）The Old Man and the Sea“Life is but a losing battle,it is a struggle man can dominate in

39、such a way that loss becomes dignity；man can be physically destroyed but never defeated spiritually.”人生不过是一场注定失败的战斗。但人们可以主导这场战斗，化损失为尊严。人的肉体可以被毁灭，但精神永不败。At the end of the story,is the old man defeated?Why or why not?12.Toni Morrison(1931-)A famous African American woman writer Won the Nobel Prize in

40、literature in 1993 Her novels mainly deal with the problems of black women defining their roles and striving to survive in a male dominated society.Toni Morrison Major works:The Bluest Eye(1970)Song of Solomon(1977)Tar Baby(1981)Beloved(1987)Jazz(1992)Figures of speech Simile 明喻 Metaphor 暗喻 Personif

41、ication拟人 Hyperbole夸张 Repetition重复 Parallelism排比 Allusion 典故Terms of poetry 1.stanza 诗节 2.meter 格律格律 3.foot 音步 4.pentameter 五音步五音步 5.iamb 抑扬格抑扬格 6.iambic pentameter 抑扬格五音步抑扬格五音步 7.rhyme 韵韵 8.Rhyme Scheme 韵律韵律Meter Refers to the arranged pattern composed by stressed syllable and unstressed syllable.O

42、ne unit,or combination of a stressed and unstressed syllable is called a foot(音步).Types of stresspatternexampleIambic 抑扬格de cideTrochee扬抑格 comforanapest抑抑扬格repre sentDactyl 扬抑抑格 volleyballSpondee扬扬格greenhouseKinds of Meter(1)monometer(one foot)(2)diameter(two feet)(3)trimeter (three feet)(4)tetramet

43、er（four feet)(5)pentameter(five feet)(6)hexameter(six feet)(7)heptameter(seven feet)(8)octameter(8 feet)iambic pentameter(五音步抑扬格)iambic tetrameter (四音步抑扬格)Kinds of Stanza(1)couplet(两行押韵的诗体)(2)tercet(三行押韵的诗体)(terza rima:隔行押韵的三行诗体,如:Ode to the West Wind)(3)quatrain(四个诗行组成的诗体)(4)ottava rima(八行诗体)(5)Spe

44、nserian stanza(九行诗体)(6)sonnet(十四行诗)(又叫商籁体)Heroic couplet英雄双韵体 Two successive rhyming lines of iambic pentamenter.It was common practice to string long sequences of heroic couplets together in a patten of aa,bb,cc,dd,ee,ff,and so on.E.g.As soon as April pierces to the root a The drought of March,and

45、bathes each bud and shoot a Through every vein of sap with gentle showers b From whose engendering liquor spring the flowers;b When zephyrs have breathed softly all about c Inspiring every wood and field to sprout cRhyme scheme Definition:pattern or sequence in which rhyme occurs E.g.Bid me to weep,and I will weep A While I have eyes to see;B And having none,and yet I will keep A A heart to weep for thee.B