苏格拉底介绍课件.ppt

1、Group2:刘珊，汪菲，黄黎，段雅琪，许春晖，梁俊1201020304 目录 Content22Background1.Age background2.Brief introduction3.Socratic problem32时代背景公元前6世纪希腊化时代古希腊作为罗马帝国的一部分哲学政治伦理修辞玄学本体论 生物美学42022-12-26古希腊哲学主要研究理性和探究的作用。它通过许多方式对现代哲学以及现代科学发挥着影响。从古希腊希腊哲学家，希腊哲学家，中世纪的穆斯林哲学家和伊斯兰科学家，到欧洲的文艺复兴与启蒙运动，再到现代的世俗科学，它都起到了一种清晰的不间断的影响。52理性和探究都并非起

2、源于希腊。对于文明理论家来说，定义希腊的知识探究和诸如古埃及、古巴比伦等更老文明探究之间的差别，很长一段时间以来是他们的研究话题。62022-12-26Brief introduction 公元前469-公元前399年 雅典人士 古希腊著名的思想家、哲学家、教育家、公民陪审员。他身为雅典的公民，据记载，苏格拉底最后被雅典法庭以侮辱雅典神、引进新神论和腐蚀雅典青年思想之罪名判处死刑。尽管苏格拉底曾获得逃亡的机会，但他仍选择饮下毒堇汁而死，因为他认为逃亡只会进一步破坏雅典法律的权威。72柏拉图亚里士多德苏格拉底无论是生前还是死后，都有一大批狂热的崇拜者和一大批激烈的反对者。他一生没留下任何著作，他

3、的行为和学说，主要是通过他的学生柏拉图和色诺芬著作中的记载流传下来。关于苏格拉底的生平和学说，由于从古代以来就有各种不同的记载和说法，一直是学术界讨论最多的一个问题。色诺芬82Socratic problem1.Socrates as a figure苏格拉底是柏拉图撰写的对话录中的主要角色。对话录中有多少是苏格拉底的原意、而又有多少是柏拉图自己的意见？由于苏格拉底自己从没有写下任何著作，这个研究的问题也经常被称为“苏格拉底问题”。另一个问题在于柏拉图究竟将苏格拉底虚构到了何种地步，阿里斯托芬也写下许多挖苦嘲讽苏格拉底的作品，两人对苏格拉底的记载往往有极大差异。922.Socrates as

4、a philosopher要研究苏格拉底的哲学信仰并不是一件简单的事：由于他完全没有留下半点自己的著作，我们只能从柏拉图和色诺芬的记载中加以探索，然而他们两人的记载又往往是互相矛盾的，因此对于何者的记载更接近真相一直是争论的话题。有些人认为苏格拉底其实没有任何特定的信仰，而是只会加以盘问每种信仰；柏拉图在理想国中发表的冗长理论其实是柏拉图自身的想法。要从记载中区分柏拉图和苏格拉底两人的概念相当的困难，同时要解释他们的概念又更为困难。也因此，要从柏拉图和色诺芬等人的记载中寻找苏格拉底的理念并不简单必须留意这些理念很可能不是苏格拉底本人所提出的，而可能更接近于这些记载者自己的看法。In Xenop

5、hons Symposium,Socrates is reported as saying he devotes himself only to what he regards as the most important art or occupation,that of discussing philosophy.However,in The Clouds,Aristophanes（阿里斯托芬）portrays Socrates as accepting payment for teaching and running a sophist school with Chaerephon（凯勒丰

6、）.Also,in Platos Apology and Symposium,as well as in Xenophons accounts,Socrates explicitly denies accepting payment for teaching.More specifically,in the Apology,Socrates cites his poverty as proof that he is not a teacher.102022-12-26Socrates Thoughts112 All our information about him is second-han

7、d and most of it vigorously disputed,but his trial and death at the hands of the Athenian democracy is nevertheless the founding myth of the academic discipline of philosophy,and his influence has been felt far beyond philosophy itself,and in every age.122Philosophical Philosophical B BeliefseliefsT

8、he beliefs of Socrates,as distinct from those of Plato,are difficult to discern.If anything in general can be said about the philosophical beliefs of Socrates,it is that he was morally,intellectually,and politically at odds with many of his fellow Athenians.132 Pe o p l e n e e d t o e m p h a s i s

9、 l o g o s a n d deny the absolute authority.People should understand oneself.Virtue is knowledge.The free of thought is important.142Socratic WisdomSocratic Wisdom Wisdom springs from an awareness of his own ignorance.(I only know that I know nothing)The best way for people to live was to focus not

10、 on accumulating possessions,but on self-development.Deals belong in a world that only the wise man can understand,making the philosopher the only type of person suitable to govern others.152SocratesSocrates virtue virtueSocrates believed the best way for people to live was to focus on the pursuit o

11、f virtue rather than the pursuit,for instance,of material wealth.He always invited others to try to concentrate more on friendships and a sense of true community.162 The idea that there are certain virtues formed a common thread in Socrates teachings.These virtues represented the most important qual

12、ities for a person to have,foremost of which were the philosophical or intellectual virtues.Socrates stressed that the unexamined life is not worth living and ethical virtue is the only thing that matters.172Socratic paradoxesSocratic paradoxes Many of the beliefs traditionally attributed to the his

13、torical Socrates have been characterized as paradoxical because they seem to conflict with common sense.The following are among the so-called Socratic paradoxes:182No one desires evil.No one errs or does wrong willingly or knowingly.Virtueall virtueis knowledge.Virtue is sufficient for happiness.192

14、Comparison of Educational Thoughts between Confucius and Socrates202 Comparison on living background Comparison on teaching aims Comparison on teaching objects Comparison on teaching contents Comparison on teaching methods212Comparison on living background Socrates and Confucius both lived in the pe

15、riods of political and social changes during which traditional values and practices were being challenged Though Socrates lived in a democratic society,Athens was in a turning period from prosperity to downfall and decay.Socrates sought to enable the Greeks to know and think for themselves.Confucius

16、 lived in the end of the Spring and Autumn Warring State period.At that time,the land was in a state of dispute,decay and saw rapid changes.Facing moral turpitude and bankruptcy,Confucius was full of melancholy and looking for a stable and a good social lubricant,which is“Zhou Li”in his mind222Compa

17、rison on teaching aimsAs for Socrates,education was required for solving the problem of societys moral failureEverybody was able to broaden knowledge，process virtue,increase ability and improve moral character by education.“Virtue is knowledge”is considered as one of his most famous propositions.Soc

18、rates devoted himself to educating students to pursue the nature of virtue and he sublimated education up to the philosophyConfucius educational aim was to cultivate talents who were capable of serving the governmentHe attempted to developjun zi which means”gentleman”.The final educational goal of C

19、onfucius was to bring up talents for the country and to build a ideal societyHe emphasized the sentiment and humaneness by sublimating the education up to the ethics232Comparison on teaching objects Socrates believed education could promote peoples level although they were born with distinctions.Soc

20、rates devoted himself to the public education.He taught all kinds of students who enjoyed learning from him no matter where they were from,which social class they were in,what occupation they were working on，and how old they were.He often gave lectures on square，market and other public places so tha

21、t he was called street-speaker by the citizen of Athens242Comparison on teaching objects Confucius believed that everyone is entitled to be educatedThere should be no class distinctions.He thought education should be equal and universal.In addition,Confucius paid much attention to his students perso

22、nality,which is the base of his teaching.He taught students according to their aptitudes Socrates and Confucius both made no social distinctions in teaching even if they lived in different countriesThey all broke the monopoly of noble school and made the populace have access to education，which satis

23、fied educational wish of most ordinary people and complied with the need of development of society.252Comparison on teaching contents Socrates lived in a period of moral degradation,so he viewed virtue and morality as the most important educational content.Besides,his teaching content also contained

24、 political education,astronomy,augury，arithmetic,religion and so on.Confucius educational content was comprehensive and extensive.He asked his students to determine to follow the Way,to act according to virtue,to act according to humaneness,to enjoy the six kinds of arts-Etiquette,music,shooting,dri

25、ving,learning,calculating.262Comparison on teaching contents Confucius and Socrates both considered moral education as the key content.However,Confucius maintained that one should deal with interpersonal relations properly,which is different from Socrates idea of“knowing yourself”.In a word,Confuciu

26、s moral education stressed that the individual should agree with collective will,while Socrates dedicated himself to promoting individual mental improvement and respecting individual life272Comparison on teaching methods Socrates adopted a logical dialectical method(对话式教学)，which was called“elicitati

27、on teaching theory”or“socratic method”.Socratic irony.(It means to let students to put forward their own views on a certain question,then expose their self-contradiction in their talks and compel students to confess that they are ignorant to this question.)Socratic midwifery.(It means to help studen

28、ts recollect the knowledge through conversing,just as if the midwife helps to deliver a baby)Induction and definition.(It means to promote students to realize how to exclude the particularity and generalize the nature of thingsFinally，the definiition is obtained)Socrates thought that only if people

29、know they are ignorant can they have motivation to pursue knowledgeWith this method，students can think and discuss freely so that the final truth will be gained282Comparison on teaching methods Confucius adopted the heuristic teaching method.He used the approach of giving the knowledge and accepting

30、 rules.He demanded that a teacher should be the one who has his own character developed Confucius took informal and tailored teaching method.He let each student know what they should learn,and then he would have a discussion with them and sometimes just listened by sideHe observed each student and e

31、valuated them，and then developed their strengths,and improved their weak points Confucius taught in accordance with the need of different studentsSo he sometimes answered the same question quite differently to two different students.292 有一天，子路对孔子说：“先生所教的仁义之道，真是令人向往！我所听到的这些道理，应该马上去实行吗？”孔子说：“你有父亲兄长在，你

32、怎么能听到这些道理就去实行呢！”过了一会儿，冉有也来问同样的问题，孔子却说：“应该听到后就去实行。”这时，站在一边的公西华被弄糊涂了，不由得问孔子原故。孔子说：“冉有为人懦弱，所以要激励他的勇气；子路武勇过人，所以要中和他的暴性。”302Comparison on teaching methods Confucius and Socrates are proficient in using heuristic teaching method.However,there are obvious differences between them.Confucius paid more attent

33、ion to intuitional instruction,while Socrates attached more importance to the abstraction.Confucius thought highly of results，while Socrates considered highly of process.Confucius laid emphasis on training students visualized thinking pattern,while Socrates attached great importance to developing st

34、udents logical thinking abilities312苏格拉底对古代哲学的影响0303322作为一个伟大的思想家他的生活方式及其思想都深深地影响着他的追随者们。黑格尔（Hegel）把追随苏格拉底的这些学生和及哲人们称为苏格拉底派。后来，学者们又把他们细分为大苏格拉底派和小苏格拉底派。3321.苏格拉底哲学对大苏格拉底派的影响。大苏格拉底派主要是指柏拉图和亚里士多德。历史上的苏格拉底和柏拉图是相互依存的，大家所认识的苏格拉底是柏拉图眼中的苏格拉底，而柏拉图是苏格拉底影响下成长起来的柏拉图，柏拉图是苏格拉底思想的继承与发展者。柏拉图是苏格拉底晚年最得意的弟子，曾在他身边学习了八年

35、。苏格拉底被处死以后柏拉图也离开了雅典。经过很长一段颠沛流离得生活，柏拉图在他四十多岁的时候回到雅典建立了一所学园。他在那里讲学，他去世以后学园仍继续存在了几百年的时间。形成了柏拉图学园派。柏拉图不但继承了苏格拉底的思想而且还在深刻理解运用的基础上发展了苏格拉底的观点。他的理念论不但确定了心灵的内在原则，定义和真理是什么，而且解释了为什么如此的原因。亚里士多德是柏拉图的弟子，在他的哲学思想中，都能明显的反映出苏格拉底和柏拉图的影子，可以说亚里士多德是苏格拉底思想忠实的信奉者。亚里士多德后来创立了逍遥派（Peripatetic)。342柏拉图说过：过去和现在都不会有柏拉图写的著作，现在以他署名的

36、作品都属于苏格拉底，被美化与恢复本来面目的苏格拉底。这些话都可以反映出苏格拉底对他的影响之深。从苏格拉底那里他学到了研究从心灵入手来认识外部世界的基本原则，学到了反对智者相对主义和怀疑主义诡辩的基本立场，也学到了以普遍定义为认识目标的对话方法。他不但继承了苏格拉底的思想而且还在深刻理解运用的基础上发展了苏格拉底的观点。他的理念论不但确定了心灵的内在原则，定义和真理是什么，而且解释了为什么如此的原因。352亚里士多德是柏拉图的弟子，在他的哲学思想中，都能明显的反映出苏格拉底和柏拉图的影子，可以说亚里士多德是苏格拉底思想忠实的信奉者。亚里士多德后来创立了逍遥派。3622.苏格拉底哲学对小苏格拉底派

37、的影响。苏格拉底死后，在他的弟子中还形成了三个学派：犬儒学派（Cynics），快乐学派和麦加拉学派。这些学派统称为小苏格拉底派。他们主要研究的是伦理道德的问题。372犬儒学派的主要代表人物是安提斯泰纳（Antiochtner）和第欧根尼（Diogenes）。这一学派继承了苏格拉底的道德哲学思想提出美德就是如何控制自己的观点，抑制自己欲望的知识。他们提倡“回到自然去”他们的思想十分消极，认为对社会上的所有的事如名利，科学，家庭，法律，宗教，文化等都采取漠不关心的态度。带有极端个人主义和虚无主义怀疑主义的倾向。382快乐学派（Hedonist）的哲学家认为寻求快乐是人的最本质得东西，是人生唯一的目

38、的。他们把苏格拉底“美德就是知识”这个命题理解为美德就是快乐的寻求。该派以快乐为宗旨也因此而得名。快乐学派最出名的代表人物是阿里斯提普（Aristippus）。他认为，感觉是真与善的标准，寻求快感是人生的宗旨。392麦加拉学派（Megarian School)的创始者是欧几里德(Euclid)。他是苏格拉底最早的弟子之一。麦加拉学派(Megarian School)的一个特点是把苏格拉底的伦理学说和爱利亚学派(Eleatic School)的存在说结合起来。苏格拉底说美德就是知识。欧几里德认为这种知识只能是关于“存在”的知识，而唯一的“存在”就是至善，也就是美德。麦加拉派的另一个特点就是长于辩

39、论，他们继承并发挥了苏格拉底的争辩术。麦加拉派运用这些论辩来证明感觉世界的事物都是充满矛盾的，因此，感觉是不可靠的，感觉世界是不真实的，在这一点上他们的看法与苏格拉底是一致的。402苏格拉底对现代的影响0303412苏格拉底高尚的人格和不朽的思想，既影响着近现代哲学思想，在也对我们现实生活有一定的指导作用。*十八世纪启蒙思想的传播也多借助苏格拉底的思想，他们把其用于对宗教神学、教会制度、旧制度和旧观点的批评之中。爱尔维修Helvetius就认为，苏格拉底是伟大的思想家、理想的宣传者、世界的启蒙家，是各个时代、各民族的僧侣和祭祀所灌输的迷信和谎言的敌人。422022-12-26 卢梭Rousse

40、au用苏格拉底的启蒙思想来反对基督教会及其思想体系，认为苏格拉底的美德是“最有智慧的人的美德”，苏格拉底让人们与诡辩哲学家斗争，并为其真理而死。卢梭他在自己的论人类不平等的根源一书中高度评价苏格拉底的纯理性主义。可以说当时的启蒙哲学就是苏格拉底的哲学思想。432 康德哲学Kantianism深受到苏格拉底哲学思想的影响。他认为，“希腊哲学最重要的时代始于苏格拉底。恰恰是他给哲学精神和所有投机的大脑以全新的方向。”康德还高度评价了苏格拉底的诘问法，强调了他的教育意义和对后世辩证法发展的重大作用。雅斯贝尔斯Jaspers把苏格拉底视为人类历史上最有声望的人。他还认为苏格拉底是“哲学的殉难者”。他自

41、寻灭亡，对他的审判和处决不是司法上的他杀而是司法上的自杀。今天，苏格拉底的影响正在逐步扩大。可以说无论是在哲学、政治学领域，还是教育思想等方面，都可以很容易的找到苏格拉底的影响。442 苏格拉底之死之雅典民主制 苏格拉底在雅典的普通法院，被指控“不敬国神”、“另立新神”和“败坏青年”的罪行。在受审期间，苏格拉底从始至终都在为自己的行为和思想申辩，他认为对他的指控出于“多年的错误印象”。其后雅典法庭以281票对220票判处他死刑。在当时，雅典人民正准备祭祀阿波罗神the God Apollo，这是神圣而庄严的宗教祭祀活动。城邦依照其惯例认真对待准备这次祭祀活动，为保证城市的整洁将死刑一律暂缓，苏

42、格拉底则被囚于监狱，等待祭祀结束后处于判决。期间本可以赎走或逃狱，但他认为逃亡只会进一步破坏雅典法律的权威，所以他反驳法院对自己的指控后做出了饮鸠而死的选择。452 2000多年来苏格拉底对西方哲学的发展起着深远的影响，苏格拉底一生不探索真理、寻求真理，同时雅典民主制对后世也产生了深远影响。462 首先是文化影响，雅典文化中不仅表现在许多卓越的学者上，还体现在整个雅典的城邦中。雅典十分重视教育，创办了学校，其目的是“为了训练人们按照理性思维独立进行思考”培养了很多著名的人物。艺术成为雅典公民展现思想的媒介，许多艺术家运用完整、真实、生动的艺术作品给人类留下了瑰丽的文化遗产。472 再次是法律影

43、响，雅典的民主成就了最为早期的自然法理念，并且为西方法律植入了以人为本的精神。他们注重的公民权利的观念，西方传统法律也融入了这部分观念，西方法律进入了一个新的时代，现各国法律也都提倡权利保护概念,它始终传递着法制的精神本质。最后是政治影响，国家机构的“三权分立”的组织形式，他们都分别拥有司法权、立法权、行政权，着反映了当时雅典分权制约的思想。相互有牵制，避免了独裁的产生，防止执法机构滥权。现在大部分国家的领导人也是有任职期限的，让位给有能力的人。482苏格拉底轶事与名言04 什么是爱柏拉图有一天问老师苏格拉底：“什么是爱情？我如何找到它？”回答说：“前面有一片广袤的麦田。你一直往前走，不要回头

44、，摘一棵麦穗。如果你摘到最大最好的麦穗，你就找到爱情了。”柏拉图觉得很容易，充满信心地出去。可是过了许久他才回来，空着手，什么都没拣回来。老师问：“你为什么一棵麦穗都没有拾回？”柏拉图解释道：“因为我只能拣一棵麦穗，而且我不能回头。我确实发现一棵看似很不错的麦穗，可不知道前面有没有更好的，所以就没拣它。当我继续往前走时，我所看到的麦穗还不如先前的那棵好，所以最后什么都没拣到。”这时，苏格拉底告诉他：“那就是爱情”。492什么是婚姻？柏拉图有一天又问老师苏格拉底：“什么是婚姻？我如何才能找到它呢？”老师回答说：“前面有一片茂密的树林。一直向前走，不要回头，然后砍一棵树回来。如果你找到最高的树，那

45、么你就找到了婚姻。”柏拉图有了上回的教训,这次充满信心地出去。不久，他一身疲惫地拖了一棵看起来直挺、翠绿，却有点稀疏也并不高大的树。这只是一棵普通的树。老师问他“你为什么砍了这么一棵普通的树？”柏拉图回答老师：“上一次，我走了半个麦田，却空手而归。这次，我看到了这棵树，觉得它还不错，就砍下带了回来，我不想错过这个机会。”这时，苏格拉底告诉他：“这就是婚姻”。502什么是生活？有一天，柏拉图又问老师苏格拉底什么是生活。苏格拉底叫他到树林走一次，可以来回走，在途中要取一枝最好看的花。柏拉图有了以前的教训，又充满信心的出去。过了 三天三夜，他也没有回来。苏格拉底走进树林去找他，最后发现柏拉图已在树林

46、里安营扎寨。苏格拉底问他：“你找到最好看的花了么？”柏拉图指着边上的一朵花说：“这就是最好看的花。”苏格拉底问：“为什么不把它带出去呢？”柏拉图回到老师：“我如果把它摘下来，它马上就枯萎。即使我不摘它，它也迟早会枯萎。所以我就在它还盛开的时候，住在它边上。等它凋谢的时候，再找下一朵。这已经是我找着的第二朵最好看的花。”这时，苏格拉底告诉他：“你已经懂得生活的真谛了。512什么是哲学？柏拉图有一天又问老师苏格拉底什么是哲学，苏格拉底还是叫他到树林走一次，不过这次没提任何要求，只是说让他到树林中随便走走。柏拉图一身轻松的走出去，直到晚上又满脸喜悦的回来了。苏格拉底问柏拉图有什么收获，柏拉图高兴的说，因为这一次没有任何负担，所以心情非常放松，心灵也非常宁静，这时再到树林中一走，在湛蓝的天空下，流水潺潺，才发现原来每一朵花都是那么美丽，每一棵树都是那么让人喜爱，完全陶醉在美妙的大自然之中，流连忘返，不知不觉一整天已经过去了，直到晚上才想起回家。苏格拉底也非常喜悦的说：太好了，你已经知道什么是哲学了。522532022-12-26