第四章-文化价值观课件.ppt
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1、PowerPoint slides by Gao Yali第四章 文化价值与沟通(2)Condon&Yousef 模式n目前研究文化价值取向最为完整的模式n将人类社会划分为六个区域:自我家庭社会人性自然超自然自我个人主义个人主义个体性相互依存年纪青年中年老年性别男女平等女性至上男性至上行动行动本然成为本然家庭个人主义个人主义个体性相互依存年纪青年中年老年性别男女平等女性之上男性至上行动行动本然成为本然社会社交互惠性独立性平行义务性互补义务性团体成员夺团体,少认同,以己为重均衡和少团体,深认同,以团体为重中介补考中介,直接性仅靠专家中介依赖中介正式化部正式化选择性正式化很正式化财产私有化功利化共
2、产化人性理性理性的直观的非理性的善恶性善善恶混合性恶享乐快乐为鹄的快乐与悲伤不可分离人生是苦可变性变化,成长,学习些许变化不变自然人与自然的关系人控制自然人与自然保持和谐自然控制人认知自然之法抽象的归纳与演绎法互用特殊的自然的结构机械的属灵的有机的时间概念未来现在过去超自然人与超自然的关系人与上帝匹敌多神论超自然控制人生命的意义物理,物质的目的知性的目的灵性的目的神意美好人生的无限性苦乐均有美好人生的有限性宇宙秩序之知识宇宙秩序是可以理解的信仰与理性神秘与不可知的Geert Hofstede模式nHofstede的研究小组,在六十几个国家与地区,调查了超过万个公司行号的经历与雇员,首次发现文化
3、价值可以归纳成四种。后来再增加了更多的亚洲资料,分析后发现文化价值可以归纳成五种:权力距不确定性规避个人主义/集体主义阳刚/阴柔长期短期导向 Hofstede的文化维度n权力距可用来测量组织员工接受不平等之权力分配的程度n权力距大的文化,层级的结构严明,上司与下属的权力与义务分明,而且下属服从上司是当然之事。上司是对的,只因为他是上司,而不是因为他是一个能提供正确答案的专家。下属做事,只因为上司要他如此这般的做,而不是因为下属认为应该这么做。n权力距低的文化,不注重僵化的礼节、头衔、地位、性别与年龄的差异,并不是行事顺序的衡量标准,专业能力比层级结构更重要,因此,常常事情完成后,下属才会告知上
4、司。低权力距文化的员工,也因此比较具有弹性,想象力与创造力也比较丰富。权力距n权力距大的国家:菲律宾、委内瑞拉与印度等国家属于高权力距的文化。新加坡、中国台湾与中国香港也属于权力距偏高的地区。倾向于接受层级关系的存在n权力距小的国家:以色列与丹麦 倾向于要求平等Attitudes and BehaviorsLarge power distanceSmall power distanceHierarchyHierarchies reflect the basic inequality of peopleHierarchies are only convenient ways of organiz
5、ing activitiesRelationshipsComfortable with hierarchical relationshipsPrefer equal relationshipsPowerAccept differences in powerDislike or distrust authorityUse of powerWhoever holds power is right and goodWhoever uses their power will be judged as to whether they use it in the right wayDependencyTh
6、e less powerful are dependant on the powerfulInterdependence between less and more powerful personsDecision making authorityDecision-making tends to be centralized;the leader decidesDecision-making is dispersed throughout organization.Leader-shipLeaders direct the activities of subordinates by givin
7、g special instructionsLeaders motivate their subordinates to work toward goals.They do not give as much specific direction.InitiativeOnly the leader initiatesEveryone is expected to initiateCommunication flowFrom top of organization to the bottomFrom the top down and from the lower levels to higher
8、levelsStatusHigh status people enjoy privilegesPeople disapprove of special privileges and symbols of statusHow to Change the organizationReplace people at the topReform the organization国家或地区国家或地区权力指数权力指数(PDI)国家或地区国家或地区权力指数权力指数(PDI)马来西亚104意大利50菲律宾94美国40印度77荷兰 38新加坡74新西兰34香港68爱尔兰28韩国60丹麦18台湾58以色列13日本
9、54澳大利亚 11verbal conversationwhat each is really thinkingAmerican:How long will it take you to finish this report?I asked him to participate.Greek:His behavior makes no sense.He is the boss.Why doesnt he tell me?Greek:I dont know.How long should it take?I ask him for an order.American:He refuses to t
10、ake responsibility.American:You are in the best position to analyze time requirement.I press him to take responsibility for his own actions.Greek:What nonsense!Id better give him an answer.Greek:Ten days.American:He lacks the ability to estimated time;this time is totally inadequate.verbal conversat
11、ionwhat each is really thinkingAmerican:Take fifteen.Is it agreed you will do it in fifteen days?I offer a contract.These are my orders:fifteen daysIn fact,the report needed thirty days of regular work.So the Greek worked day and night,but at the end of the fifteenth day,he still needed one more day
12、s work.)American:Where is the report?I am making sure he fulfills his contract.Greek:He is asking for the reportBoth silently acknowledge that the report is not ready.American:But we had agreed it would be ready today.I must teach him to fulfill a contract.Greek:The stupid,incompetent boss!Not only
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