《英语学术论文写作（第三版）》课件English Academic Writing-第六章-第三版.ppt

1、English Academic WritingChapter 6:Paper WritingEnglish Academic WritingLead in:(1)Generally speaking,how many parts are there in an academic paper?What is the function of each part?(2)What writing techniques do you usually use?Please list some of them.(3)What strategies can keep the article cohesive

2、 and coherent?(4)In pairs or groups,discuss the writing techniques for argumentative essays.Chapter Six:Paper Writing Part One:Writing a Paper Part Two:Cohesion and Coherence Part Three:Argumentation Chapter Six Part One:Writing a Paperv1.The Introduction Contents:v (1)a description of the nature of

3、 the problem and current state of knowledge or understanding at the beginning of the investigation(background);v (2)a statement of the purpose,scope,and general method of investigation of the study;v (3)hypothesis/hypotheses and predictions.Chapter Six Part One:Writing a Paper Methods to write the i

4、ntroduction:(丁西亚,2006:3032)v(1)Problem methodv(2)Topic method (3)Background methodThis method comes straight to the point by directly putting forward the theme of the paper,the authors point of view or thesis statement.This method provides background information of the study at the beginning of the

5、paper,such as the latest progress of the study so far,strength and weakness of other researchers results and the significance of the present study.A problem is presented in order to attract the readers attention.This kind of introduction complies with the logic of problem-solution;so,the first half

6、is a problem,the latter part the solution.Chapter Six Part One:Writing a PaperActivity 1:Introduction Writing Analyze the different types of introduction and decide on which type you would like to use for your paper.Then write the introduction of your paper.Chapter Six Part One:Writing a Paperv2.Met

7、hods Contents:v This section reports research methods and their reasons,subjects and sample selection,instruments,data collection methods and analysis methods.v Function:v To describe all experimental procedures,including controls.Chapter Six Part One:Writing a PapervActivity 2:v Methods Writing Sup

8、pose you have finished writing your introduction part of your paper and enter the stage of methods writing.Please examine the procedures of your research,subjects and instruments employed,data collection and analysis techniques,etc.Then write the method section of your own paper in a clear manner.v

9、Chapter Six Part One:Writing a Paper Types:Research Method Qualitative research methodsQuantitative research methodsDescriptive research method Methods observation,sound recordings,questionnaires,interviews,on-site records,logspre-experimental research,quasi-experimental researchexperimental researc

10、hcase studies,group studies,surveys and development researchApplication used in liberal arts and social sciences applied in scienceused in liberal arts and social sciencesChapter Six Part One:Writing a Paper v3.Results and Discussionv(1)Results The function of this section is to summarize general tr

11、ends in the data without comment,bias,or interpretation.Chapter Six Part One:Writing a Paper(2)Discussionv The function of this section is to analyze the data and relate them to other studies.v Principles:The Discussion should contain at least:-the relationship between the results and the original h

12、ypothesis-an integration of your results with those of previous studies-possible explanations for unexpected results and observations Trends that are not statistically significant can still be discussed if they are suggestive or interesting,but cannot be made the basis for conclusions as if they wer

13、e significant.Avoid redundancy between the Results and the Discussion section.End the Discussion with a summary of the principal points you want the reader to remember.Chapter Six Part One:Writing a Paperv4.Conclusions and Recommendationsv(1)Conclusion Definition:v The conclusion is a highly condens

14、ed summary of the paper.It is certainly not a simple list of the research results,but rather reasonable inferences and further upgrading drawn from the research findings and analysis.Sentence patterns:v.v Summary Types of conclusion:Evaluation v (丁西亚,2006:3336)Recommendation In conclusion,the result

15、 shows that To sum up,we have revealed thatFinally,a summary is given of.Chapter Six Part One:Writing a Paper v(2)Recommendation Definition:v Recommendations often discuss the subject of further study,research programs,future prospects and directions.Differences:Conclusions are useful insights drawn

16、 from the study.Recommendations are further research projects based on the study.Chapter Six Part One:Writing a Paperv5.AcknowledgementDefinition:Acknowledgement is an optional item in the paper.If the author has received help from someone else in the course of the study,he/she should acknowledge th

17、is.Location:It often located after the conclusion,but it can also take the form of a title note.Subjects:Co-authors,mentors,anonymous judges,institutions and donors,material providers and those providing assistance in the course of the investigation and experiments.Sentence pattern:We thankfor We ar

18、e grateful tofor Special thanks are due Chapter Six Part One:Writing a PapervActivity 3:v Acknowledgement Writing Suppose your paper is a team effort by several authors.Write an acknowledgement to express your gratitude to the grants for their support.Chapter Six Part Two:Cohesion and Coherencesv1.I

19、ntroduction of Cohesionv Definition:v Cohesion is the“glue”that holds a piece of writing together.v In other words,if a paper is well written and cohesive,it“sticks together”from sentence to sentence and from paragraph to paragraph.Chapter Six Part Two:Cohesion and Coherencesv2.Cohesive Devicesv Coh

20、esive devices or transitions help readers connect the ideas presented in a paper;they connect and fit together the sentences and ideas.v Devices:v Transitional words and phrases such as“therefore”,“furthermore”,or“for instance”E.g.v John went to the park after he had finished his lunch.Chapter Six P

21、art Two:Cohesion and Coherencesv3.Cohesive Strategiesv(1)Repetition of keywordsv We can tie sentences or paragraphs together by repeating certain key words from one sentence or paragraph to the next.v E.g.Notice how many time the words owned and ownership are repeated:Nobody owned any part of the la

22、nd.Sotopos father owned many cattle,and if the cows continued to produce calves,he might as well become the next chief.Old Grandmother owned the beautifully tanned animal skins she used as coverlets in winter.And Sotopo owned his polished hard-wood assegais.But the land belonged to the spirits who g

23、overned life;it existed forever,for everyone,and was apportioned temporarily according to the dictates of the tribal chief and senior headman.Sotopos father occupied the hillside for the time being,and when he died the older son could inherit the loanland,but no person or family ever acquired owners

24、hip.Chapter Six Part Two:Cohesion and CoherencesvActivity 4:v Choose a paragraph,analyze and determine what word is repeated several times.Then formulate the main idea of the paragraph.Chapter Six Part Two:Cohesion and Coherencesv(2)Use of reference wordsv Reference words are those that refer back t

25、o an idea mentioned previously.v E.g.v Relative pronouns like “this”,“these”,“those”,“such”,and “that”.Chapter Six Part Two:Cohesion and Coherencesv4.CoherencevDefinition:v Coherence refers to the unity of ideas.Unity is the quality of adhering to one theme from start to finish,with every sentence a

26、nd every paragraph contributing to the central purpose and main idea of that paragraph.Chapter Six Part Two:Cohesion and Coherencesv5.Strategies of Coherencev(1)Using Transitional Tagsv(2)Repetition of Key Words and Phrasesv(3)Pronoun Referencev(4)Parallelismthe most simple,little conjunctions:“and”

27、,“but”,“nor”,“for”,“yet”,“or”,and “so”more complex signals:“however”,“moreover”,“nevertheless”,“on the other hand”.Chapter Six Part Three:Argumentation v1.IntroductionvDefinition:When people have an opinion and try to convince their listener or reader to accept their opinion,they are agreeing with o

28、r disagreeing with something.If they agree or disagree on an issue,they will want their reader or listener to accept their point of view.This is exactly what an argumentative essay does.Chapter Six Part Three:Argumentation 2.Types of Argumentative Essays(1)Advantages and disadvantages(2)Differing op

29、inions and problem solutions(3)Pro and con argumentation(4)Comparison and contrast of something or somebodyChapter Six Part Three:Argumentation vActivity 5:v Argumentative Essay Analysis Choose some examples of argumentative essays,analyze and decide which type of argumentative compositions they bel

30、ong to.Chapter Six Part Three:Argumentation 3.Organization of Argumentative Essays Components:Introduction Reasons Refutation ConclusionChapter Six Part Three:Argumentation 4.Guidelines for Argumentative Essays State your thesis clearly.Strike a reasonable tone.Develop your arguments with as much sp

31、ecific and relevant evidence as possible.Cite authorities and use personal experience,statistics,facts.Use linking words(e.g.therefore,although,however etc.)and sequencing(e.g.firstly,secondly,lastly).Do not use generalization(e.g.everybody believes that)and strong personal expressions(e.g.I think).

32、Chapter Six Part Three:Argumentation 4.Guidelines for Argumentative Essays Attempt to refute opposing argumentsor at least to explain why they are less weighty than your own arguments.Avoid strong feelings (do not say:nobody does this,or it is impossible to disagree with me).Where possible,build com

33、mon ground with readers who may not be inclined to agree with you.Avoid common mistakes in reasoning.If you quote from a source or use information from a source that is not common knowledge,cite it with an MLA in-text citation and include the source in a list of works cited at the end of the paper.Chapter Six:Paper Writing Homework:“Cigarette advertising should be banned completely.”What do you think of this statement?Please write an essay of 150200 words on the topic.If you need more information,track it down in the library or on the Internet.Chapter Six:Paper WritingThank you