最新版跨文化课件Chap整理.ppt

1、The Political,Legal and Technological Environmentchapter twoMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All Rights Reserved.2-3The Political,Legal,andTechnological Environment Chapter Objectives:1.INTRODUCE the basic political systems that characterize regions and countries aro

2、und the world and offer brief examples of each.2.PRESENT an overview of the legal and regulatory environment in which MNCs operate worldwide.3.REVIEW key technological developments as well as their impact on MNCs now and in the future.2-4Political Environment:Ideologies(ideas reflecting beliefs and

3、values influencing behavior/culture of nations and political systems)underlie the actions of governments.Evaluate a political system along two dimensions:(1)rights of citizens based on a system of government(range democratic to totalitarian);(2)Focus of political system on individualism vs.collectiv

4、ism.No pure form of government Democratic tend to emphasize individualism and totalitarian tends to emphasize collectivism.2-5(1)Ideologies:Individualism People should be free to pursue economic and political endeavors without constraint.In business context,similar to capitalism and connected to fre

5、e market society Private property more successful,productive,and progressive than communal property Betterment of society related to level of freedom individuals have in pursuing economic goals.2-6(1)Ideologies:Collectivism Does not value individual as such Views needs/goals of society at large as m

6、ore important than individual desires No rigid form of collectivism as societal goals differ greatly among cultures e.g.:Fascism:nationalism,authoritarianism,militarism,corporatism,collectivism,totalitarianism 2-7(1)Ideologies:Socialism Government ownership of institutions Profit is not the ultimate

7、 goal Can be viewed as moderate example of collectivism in practice Has been practiced in China,North Korea,Cuba Democratic socialism,more moderate form,practiced by Great Britains Labour Party,and in France,Spain,and Greece Communism is extreme form of socialist thought2-8(2)Political Systems:Democ

8、racy European roots System in which government is controlled by citizens either directly or through elections.Democratic society cannot exist without at least a two-party system Once elected,representative is held accountable to electorate for actions(which limits power of government)2-9(2)Political

9、 System:Totalitarianism Only one representative party which exhibits control over every facet of political and human life Power maintained by suppression of opposition Dominant ideals include media censorship,political representation,denial of rights,and civil liberties 2-10Political EnvironmentRegi

10、onal Example:China Emerging economic power Government attempting to open up economy:Speed up conversion of state enterprises into corporations Trade liberalization a top priority since joining WTO in 2001 Becoming a more open,democratic society Greater tolerance of individual freedoms Worker retrain

11、ing,low-cost housing and other programs Seeking to unleash a more dynamic market economy2-11Political Environment:Regional Example:Europe Privatization and economic liberalization reinforce EU-wide political and economic integration Political power is variable and complex Strong opposition to U.S.-l

12、ed intervention in Iraq sometimes spill over into business relationships and dealings Europe is a large interwoven region economically,but contains vast cultural differences2-12Political Environment:Example:The Middle East In Iran and Saudi Arabia laws and government based on Islamic principles Busi

13、ness conduct in Middle East similar to Western in many ways Worldwide fallout from war on terrorism have made business environment there risky and potentially dangerous 2-13Political Environment:Example:Russia Neglect and confusing changes in economic policy Infrastructure is weak and a political qu

14、agmire Corruption interferes with attraction of more foreign investment 2-14Legal and Regulatory Environment Confusion and challenge for the MNC due to many different laws and regulations in global business operations MNCs must carefully evaluate legal framework in each market before doing business

15、2-15Four Global Foundations of Law:1.Islamic 2.Socialist3.Common 4.Civil or code 2-16Four Global Foundations of Law:Islamic Law Derived from interpretation of Quran and teachings of Prophet Muhammad Found in Islamic countries:Middle East and Central Asia2-17Four Global Foundations of Law:Socialist L

16、aw Origins in Marxist socialist system Requires most property to be owned by state or state enterprises Continues to influence regulations in former communist countries:Members of former Soviet Union Peoples Republic of China Vietnam North Korea Cuba2-18Four Global Foundations of Law:Common Law Orig

17、ins in English law Foundation of legal system for:United States Canada England Australia New Zealand2-19Four Global Foundations of Law:Civil or Code Law Derived from Roman law Found in non-Islamic and non-socialist countries:France Some Latin American countries Louisiana in the U.S.2-20Basic Princip

18、les of International Law Sovereignty and Sovereign Immunity International Jurisdiction Doctrine of Comity Act of State Doctrine Treatment and Rights of Aliens Forum for Hearing and Settling Disputes2-21Basic Principles of International Law:Sovereignty and Sovereign Immunity:An international principl

19、e of law which holds that governments have the right to rule themselves as they see fit.2-22Basic Principles of International Law:International Jurisdiction:A jurisdictional principle of international law which holds that every country has jurisdiction over its citizens no matter where they are loca

20、ted Nationality principle Territoriality principle Protective principle2-23Basic Principles of International Law:Doctrine of Comity:A jurisdictional principle of international law which holds that there must be mutual respect for the laws,institutions,and government of other countries in the matter

21、of jurisdiction over their own citizens.2-24Basic Principles ofInternational Law:Act of State Doctrine:A jurisdictional principle of international law which holds that all acts of other governments are considered to be valid by U.S.courts,even if such acts are illegal or inappropriate under U.S.law.

22、2-25Basic Principles of International Law:Treatment and Rights of Aliens:Countries have the legal right to refuse admission of foreign citizens and to impose special restrictions on their conduct,right of travel,where they can stay,and what business they may conduct.Nations can also deport aliens.2-

23、26Basic Principles of International Law:Forum for Hearing and Settling Disputes:U.S.courts can dismiss cases brought before them by foreigners;however,they are bound to examine issues such as:where the plaintiffs are located where the evidence must be gathered where property to be used in restitutio

24、n is located2-27Legal and Regulatory Issues Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Illegal to influence foreign officials through:personal payment political contribution Restrictive bureaucratization Privatization2-28Regulation of Trade and Investment Individual countries use legal and regulatory policies to

25、 affect the international management environment Country is perceived to engage in unfair trade practices(WTO and similar agreements)Government support(subsidies)Require MNCs to accept local partners Response may be Retaliatory tariffs Restrictive trade regulations2-29Technological Environment andGl

26、obal Shifts in Production Biotechnology Nanotechnology Satellites Automatic translation telephones Artificial intelligence and embedded learning technology Advancements in computer chip technology Supercomputers2-30Technological Environment and Global Shifts in Production(continued):E-business:Busin

27、ess to business(B2B)Business to consumer(B2C)E-tailing Financial services(e-cash)Telecommunications Technology,outsourcing and offshoring:Technology has reduced and eliminated some work in middle management and white collar Global competition has forced some MNCs to outsource jobs to offshore produc

28、tions Emerging technology makes work more portable2-31Expected Winners/Losersin Selected Occupations2-32Review and Discuss1.In what ways do different ideologies and political systems influence the environment in which MNCs operate?2.How do the following legal principles impact MNC operations:the principle of sovereignty,the nationality principle,the territoriality principle,the protective principle,and principle of comity?3.How will advances in technology and telecommunications affect developing countries?Give some specific examples.