新编简明英语语言学教程-第二版-9-Language-and-Culture课件.ppt（纯ppt,可能不含音视频素材文件）

1、1Chapter 9 Language and culture 2What is culture?In a broad sense,culture means the total way of life of a people,including the patterns of belief,customs,institutions,techniques,language and etc.that characterizes the life of the human community.In a narrow sense,culture may refer to local or speci

2、fic practice,beliefs or customs,which can be mostly found in folk culture,enterprise culture or food culture,etc.There are generally two types of culture:material and spiritual.3The relationship between language and culture The same word may stir up different associations in people under different c

3、ultural background,e.g.the word“dog”.2.Language expresses cultural reality,reflects the peoples attitudes,beliefs,world outlooks,etc.3.The culture both emancipates(解放；解脱)and constrains people socially,historically and metaphorically.44.Culture also affects its peoples imagination or common dreams wh

4、ich are mediated through the language and reflected in their life.5.On the one hand,as an integral part of human being,language permeates(渗透)in his thinking and way of viewing the world,and language both expresses and embodies cultural reality;on the other,language,as a product of culture,helps perp

5、etuate the culture,and the changes in language uses reflect the cultural changes in return.5Sapir-Whorf hypothesis Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf,proclaimed that the structure of the language people habitually use influences the ways they think and behave,i.e.different languages offer people differ

6、ent ways of expressing the world around,they think and speak differently,this is also known as linguistic relativity.Sapir and Whorf believe that language filters peoples perception and the way they categorize experiences.This interdependence of language and thought is now known as Sapir-Whorf Hypot

7、hesis.6Two Interpretations about SWH Strong version believes that the language patterns determine peoples thinking and behavior;Weak version holds that the former influence the latter.-The study of the linguistic relativity or SWH has shed two important insights(领悟):There is nowadays a recognition t

8、hat language,as code,reflects cultural preoccupations(偏见，成见)and constrains the way people think.More than in Whorfs days,however,we recognize how important context is in complementing the meanings encoded in the language.7Linguistic evidence of cultural differences Denotative meaning(指示的，外延的，表示的)-a

9、meaning that can be found in a dictionary.Connotative meaning(内涵的)-a meaning or idea suggested by a word or thing in addition to the formal meaning or nature of the word or thing.Iconic（图象的）meaning-the image or icon invoked（援引）in mind by a word.For example,“dog”.8Some cultural differences in languag

10、e use Greetings and terms of address Thanks and compliments Color words Privacy and taboos *Euphemism Rounding off numbers（四舍五入）Words and cultural-specific connotations Cultural-related idioms,proverbs and metaphor P134-135 9 Euphemism(委婉委婉)It is to substitute agreeable or inoffensive expressions fo

11、r those that may offend or suggest something unpleasant in order to show politeness.It conveys the writers attitude.There are traditional and contextual euphemisme.g.I understand if you cant stay married to me.-If you want to divorce me,Ill understand-you have every reason to do so.(B1 L2 Going Home

12、)He had done his business like a dog at the roadside(B3 L10 Diogenes and Alexander)10to die-to pass away;to depart;to go to sleep;to go to heaventoilet-bathroom,restroom,to go to the toilet-to powder ones nose“In private I should merely call him a liar.In the Press you should use the words reckless

13、disregard for truth and in Parliament-that you regret he should have been so misinformed”*Similar Chinese figure:婉曲婉曲e.g.尤氏道：“我也暗暗地叫人预备了。-就是那件东西，不得好木头，且慢慢地办着罢。”11The significance of cultural teaching and learning Learning a foreign language is inseparable from learning its culture.We need to learn e

14、nough about the languages culture so that we can communicate in the target language properly to achieve not only the linguistic competence but also the pragmatic or communicative competence as well.12Cultural overlap Cultural overlap refers to the identical part of culture between two societies owin

15、g to some similarities in the natural environment and psychology of human beings.For example,the superior tends to refer to himself or herself by means of kinship terms,such as “Have daddy/mummy/teacher told you that?”13Cultural diffusion（扩散）（扩散）Through communication,some elements of culture A enter

16、 culture B and become part of culture B,this phenomenon is known as cultural diffusion.One typical example of cultural diffusion is the appearance of loan words.The practice of observing holidays of foreign origins and accepting concepts from other cultures.The attitude towards cultural diffusion(es

17、p.cultural imperialism owing to linguistic imperialism)14Intercultural communication Intercultural or cross-cultural communication is communication between people from different cultures(their cultural perceptions and symbols systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.)In cross-cul

18、tural communication,we need to pay special attention to the significant differences regarding social relations and concept of universe from different perspectives such as language,food,dress,attitude towards time,work habits,social behavior and religious belief that can cause frustrations in communications and contacts.