2-2FUO2016.ppt
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- FUO2016
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1、Fever of Unknown Origin 卫生部北京医院呼吸与危重症医学科 郭岩斐 Definitions and Classifications Classic Nosocomial Immune deficient (neutropenic) HIV-associated Definitions and Classifications Classic Temperature 38.3C Duration of 3 weeks Evaluation of at least 3 outpatient visits or 3 days in hospital Common etiologi
2、es Infection malignancy, collagen vascular disease Definitions and Classifications Nosocomial Temperature 38.3C Patient hospitalized =24 hours but no fever or incubating on admission Evaluation of at least 3 days in hospital Common etiologies Clostridium difficile enterocolitis, drug-induced, pulmon
3、ary embolism septic thrombophlebitis, sinusitis Definitions and Classifications Immune deficient (neutropenic) Temperature 38.3C Neutrophil count 38.3C Duration of 4 weeks for outpatients, 3 days for inpatients HIV infection confirmed Common etiologies Cytomegalovirus Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia,
4、 drug-induced, Kaposis sarcoma lymphoma Learning objectives of FUO To recognize the potential causes of FUO To become familiar with an approach to initial diagnostic workup for FUO Common Etiologies of FUO Infections -30% Malignancies -20% Autoimmune conditions -20-30% Miscellaneous -10% Alan R et a
5、l.Am Fam Physician 2003;2223 Common Etiologies of Fever of Unknown Origin Infections Tuberculosis (especially extrapulmonary) Abdominal abscesses Pelvic abscesses Dental abscesses Endocarditis Osteomyelitis Sinusitis Cytomegalovirus Epstein-Barr virus Human immunodeficiency virus Lyme disease Prosta
6、titis Sinusitis Infections As duration of fever increases, infectious etiology decreases Malignancy and factitious fevers are more common in patients with prolonged FUO. Common Etiologies of Fever of Unknown Origin Autoimmune conditions Adult Stills disease Polymyalgia rheumatica Temporal arteritis(
7、15-17% cases in the elderly) Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid fever Inflammatory bowel disease Reiters syndrome Systemic lupus erythematosus Common Etiologies of Fever of Unknown Origin Malignancies Chronic leukemia Lymphoma Metastatic cancers Renal cell carcinoma Colon carcinoma Hepatoma Pancreatic
8、carcinoma Sarcomas Common Etiologies of Fever of Unknown Origin Miscellaneous Drug-induced fever Complications from cirrhosis Factitious fever Hepatitis (alcoholic, granulomatous) Deep venous thrombosis Sarcoidosis Drug-induced fever Cause fever by stimulating an allergic or idiosyncratic reaction +
9、/- rash and eosinophilia drugs usually cause fever soon after starting (but may be delayed) to diagnose discontinue the drug (usually defervesce within 72 hours) Commonly used medication that can cause FUO Antimicrobial agents Cephalosporins Minocycline Nitrofurantoin Penicillins Rifampin Sulfonamid
10、es Anticonvulsants Barbiturates Carbamazepine Phenytoin Cardiovascular drugs Hydralazine Procainamide Quinidine Histamine2 (H2) blockers Cimetidine Ranitidine HCl Iodides Herbal remedies Nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs Ibuprofen Documented causes of FUO over last 50 yrs Investig ator (survey y
11、r) No. of patients Infections (%) Tumors (%) Collage n vascular (%) Miscella neous (% No diagnosis (%) Petersdor f (1952- 1957) 100 36 19 19 19 7 Larson (1970- 1980) 105 30 31 17 9 12 Knockaer t et al (1980- 1989) 199 25 7 26 21 20 Kazanjian (1984- 1990) 86 33 24 26 8 9 DeKleijn (1992- 1994) 167 26
12、13 24 7 30 Diagnosis Comprehensive History Physical Exam Confirm fever and document pattern Laboratory Data History Recent travel Exposure to pets and other animals Sexual history Work environment Contact with other people with similar symptoms Family history Past medical history list of medications
13、 Include OTC 发热待查的病史线索 药物或有毒物质接触史药物或有毒物质接触史:药物热或烟雾热药物热或烟雾热 动物接触史:动物接触史:鹦鹉热、钩体病、布氏杆菌病鹦鹉热、钩体病、布氏杆菌病 肌痛:肌痛:亚急性心内膜炎、结节性多动脉炎、亚急性心内膜炎、结节性多动脉炎、RARA、多发性肌炎、多发性肌炎 头痛:头痛:慢性脑膜炎慢性脑膜炎/ /脑炎、疟疾、布氏杆菌病、脑炎、疟疾、布氏杆菌病、CNSCNS肿瘤肿瘤 神志异常:神志异常:各种原因的脑膜炎、各种原因的脑膜炎、CNSCNS肿瘤、布氏杆菌病、伤寒、肿瘤、布氏杆菌病、伤寒、HIVHIV 心血管系统异常:心血管系统异常:亚急性心内膜炎、结节性多
14、动脉炎、亚急性心内膜炎、结节性多动脉炎、 TakayasuTakayasu动脉炎动脉炎 干咳:干咳:结核、鹦鹉热、伤寒、肺部肿瘤、急性风湿热结核、鹦鹉热、伤寒、肺部肿瘤、急性风湿热 眼痛或视力异常:眼痛或视力异常:一过性栓塞性动脉炎、亚急性心内膜炎、间歇热、一过性栓塞性动脉炎、亚急性心内膜炎、间歇热、 脑脓肿、脑脓肿、TakayasuTakayasu动脉炎动脉炎 呈消耗状:呈消耗状:肿瘤、淋巴瘤、传单、肿瘤、淋巴瘤、传单、CMVCMV、伤寒、伤寒、SLESLE、RARA、弓形虫病、弓形虫病 腹痛:腹痛:结节性多动脉炎、脓肿、胆囊炎结节性多动脉炎、脓肿、胆囊炎 背痛:背痛:布氏杆菌病、亚急性心内
15、膜炎布氏杆菌病、亚急性心内膜炎 颈痛:颈痛:亚甲炎、一过性动脉炎、化脓性颈静脉炎亚甲炎、一过性动脉炎、化脓性颈静脉炎 发热特点热型与热程 热型 热程 -感染性疾病:热程短、有乏力、寒战等中毒症状者 -肿瘤:热程中等、呈渐进性消耗、衰竭 -结缔组织病:热程长,无毒血症症状,发作与缓解 交替出现 Physical Exam Skin Mucus membranes Lymphadenopathy Organomegaly Physical Exam 面部疼痛:面部疼痛:鼻窦炎、牙龈脓肿鼻窦炎、牙龈脓肿 淋巴结肿大:淋巴结肿大:淋巴瘤、结核、巨细胞病毒淋巴瘤、结核、巨细胞病毒 静脉插管:静脉插管:败
16、血症败血症 颞动脉肿大:颞动脉肿大:颞动脉炎颞动脉炎 结膜淤点:结膜淤点:葡萄球菌肠毒素葡萄球菌肠毒素B B 恶液质:恶液质:结核、肿瘤、结核、肿瘤、HIVHIV、系统性血管炎、系统性血管炎 肝肿大:肝肿大:淋巴瘤、肝炎、肝脓肿、肝癌淋巴瘤、肝炎、肝脓肿、肝癌 局灶性腹块:局灶性腹块:腹腔脓肿、消化道肿瘤腹腔脓肿、消化道肿瘤 口腔溃疡或面部皮疹:口腔溃疡或面部皮疹:SLESLE 前列腺肿大:前列腺肿大:前列腺炎前列腺炎 出血点:出血点:SBESBE 脾肿大:脾肿大:淋巴瘤、疟疾、淋巴瘤、疟疾、SBESBE、SLESLE、CMVCMV 外周神经病变:外周神经病变:结节性多动脉炎结节性多动脉炎 D
17、iagnostic Testing CBC LFTs ESR Urinalysis Blood cultures Further testing should be based on abnormalities in the initial workup Diagnosis PPD testing is inexpensive screening tool that should be used on all FUO patients that do not have a known positive reaction Diagnosis If initial testing is incon
18、clusive- more specific testing should be performed based on clinical suspicion Serologies CT Ultrasounds MRI Nuclear Medicine Scans Diagnostic Imaging in Patients with FUO Imaging Possible diagnoses Chest radiograph Tuberculosis, malignancy, PCP CT of abdomen or Abscess, malignancy pelvis with contr
19、ast agent Gallium 67 scan Infection, malignancy Technetium Tc 99m Acute infection and inflammation of bones and soft tissue MRI of brain Malignancy, autoimmune condition PET scan Malignancy, inflammation Echocardiography Bacterial endocarditis Venous Doppler study Venous thrombosis Diagnosis More in
20、vasive testing, such as LP or biopsy of bone marrow, liver, or lymph nodes, should be performed only when clinical suspicion shows that these tests are indicated or when the source of the fever remains unidentified after extensive evaluation. When the definitive diagnosis remains elusive and the com
21、plexity of the case increases, an infectious disease, rheumatology, or oncology consultation may be helpful. Diagnosis Failure to reach a diagnosis is not uncommon 20% of cases remain undiagnosed Even if extensive investigation does not identify a cause, these patients still have favorable outcomes.
22、 诊断原则 临床诊断过程中一般遵循定性定位定因 定性:首先要确定疾病的性质即定性,也就是判断引起FUO 的疾病属于感染性还是非感染性,是器质性发热还是 功能性发热; 定位:判断引起FUO 的疾病大概属于哪个系统或器官,累 及的部位是多个还是单个,全身还是局部; 定因:明确引起FUO 的具体病因。 在考虑诊断时应先考虑常见病、多发病,后考虑少见病、罕 见病; 先器质性疾病,后功能性疾病; 先一元论,后二元 诊断思路-病史询问 仔细询问发热的急缓形式、诱发因素、热型特点与持续时 间及有无单一或多个系统的伴随症状如头痛、咳嗽、腹泻 、腹痛、尿痛、关节痛、贫血及消瘦等; 了解既往宿主因素与基础疾病:包
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