(实习)泌尿外科疾病的诊断方法.ppt
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- 实习 泌尿外科 疾病 诊断 方法
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1、泌尿外科疾病的诊断方法 Diagnoses of Urological Diseases,泌尿外科 郝一昌 主治医师,建议,积极主动 关爱病人 重视实践,避免眼高手低 知其然亦知其所以然 养成良好的习惯、规范诊疗流程,2,泌尿外科学简介,泌尿外科学的范围 Genitourinary system 泌尿系统 肾脏 输尿管 膀胱 尿道 男性生殖系统 睾丸 附睾 输精管 阴囊 阴茎 前列腺 精囊腺 肾上腺,泌尿男生殖 系统疾病,泌尿系结石,泌尿及男生殖系肿瘤,尿路梗阻,泌尿及男生殖系外伤,泌尿及男生殖系结核,泌尿及男生殖系非特异性炎症,男性性功能障碍,男性不育,肾上腺疾病,Uologists hav
2、e a unique position in medicine because their patients encompass all age groups, including prenatal, pediatric, adolescent, adult, and geriatric.,The basic approach to the patient is still dependent on taking a complete history, executing a thorough physical examination, and performing a urinalysis.
3、 These basics dictate and guide the subsequent diagnostic evaluation.,History,A complete history can be divided into the chief complaint and history of the present illness, the patients past medical history, and a family history.,History-Chief Complaint and Present Illness,Most importantly, the chie
4、f complaint is a constant reminder to the urologist as to why the patient initially sought care. In obtaining the history of the present illness, the duration, severity, chronicity, periodicity, and degree of disability are important considerations,一、泌尿和男性生殖系统外科疾病的主要症状,尿道分泌物,局部和放射性疼痛,性功能症状,全身症状及胃肠道症
5、状,主要症状,与排尿行为或尿液有关的症状,局部和放射性疼痛,Pain arising from the genitourinary (GU) tract may be quite severe and is usually associated with either urinary tract obstruction or inammation.,Obstruction 2-mm-diameter stone lodged at the ureterovesical junction may cause excruciating pain, whereas a large staghorn
6、calculus in the renal pelvis or a bladder stone may be totally asymptomatic.,Inammation Inammation of the GU tract is most severe when it involves the parenchyma of a GU organ Tumors Tumors in the GU tract usually do not cause pain unless they produce obstruction or extend beyond the primary organ t
7、o involve adjacent nerves.,肾脏疼痛,钝痛多见于肾的感染、积水、肿瘤或巨大囊肿等。多因各种原因导致肾脏体积增大,牵张肾被膜而造成持续性疼痛。 绞痛的常见原因为肾结石,表现为胁腹部突发性剧痛,呈阵发性。多因结石、凝血块等阻塞输尿管,引起管壁平滑肌痉挛导致肾盂压力剧增所致。,Pain is usually caused by acute distention of the renal capsule, generally from inammation or obstruction. The pain may radiate across the ank anterior
8、ly toward the upper abdomen and umbilicus and may be referred to the testis or labium (会阴区) Pain of renal origin may be associated with gastrointestinal symptoms because of reex stimulation of the celiac ganglion and because of the proximity of adjacent organs (liver, pancreas, duodenum, gallbladder
9、, and colon). 【如何鉴别?】,肾绞痛,典型的表现为患侧腰部突然发生剧烈绞痛,沿输尿管走行向下腹部、腹股沟、睾丸、外阴或大腿内侧放射,并伴有恶心呕吐,并随梗阻解除疼痛缓解。此时体检同侧肾区有叩击痛,尿化验有镜下血尿,以此与其他急腹症相鉴别。,输尿管疼痛,Ureteral pain is usually acute and secondary to obstruction.,膀胱疼痛,位于耻骨上区,在膀胱充盈时疼痛尤甚 常伴有尿频、尿急或排尿困难,排尿后痛感可部分或完全缓解 常见的原因有膀胱炎症、膀胱结石、急性尿潴留或晚期膀胱肿瘤等,膀胱疼痛,Constant suprapubic
10、pain that is unrelated to urinary retention is seldom of urologic origin. Inammatory conditions of the bladder usually produce intermittent suprapubic discomfort.,前列腺疼痛,位于会阴或耻骨上区,常向腰骶部、腹股沟、下腹、肛门、阴囊、睾丸以及阴茎头部等处放射 多见于前列腺的炎症。急性炎症引起的疼痛较重,且伴发热和尿路刺激症状;慢性炎症引起的疼痛程度较轻,时间较长。 前列腺癌引起的疼痛通常提示肿瘤已侵犯至包膜外神经。,前列腺疼痛,Pro
11、static pain is usually secondary to inammation with secondary edema and distention of the prostatic capsule. Pain of prostatic origin is poorly localized, and the patient may complain of lower abdominal, inguinal, perineal, lumbosacral, penile, and/or rectal pain. Prostatic pain is frequently associ
12、ated with irritative urinary symptoms such as frequency and dysuria, and, in severe cases, marked prostatic edema may produce acute urinary retention.,生殖器疼痛,原位阴囊区疼痛多见于附睾睾丸炎、睾丸外伤和精索扭转等,疼痛的范围通常比较局限,亦可沿精索向下腹部或腰部放射。,阴囊区的牵涉性痛可由输尿管、膀胱三角区、膀胱颈以及前列腺等部位的疼痛放射而致,但睾丸与附睾并无触痛。,阴茎松弛时疼痛多见于尿道、膀胱以及前列腺的炎症或结石。,阴茎勃起时疼痛见于
13、尿道下裂或阴茎海绵体硬结症。,Penile Pain,Pain in the accid penis is usually secondary to inammation in the bladder or urethra, with referred pain that is experienced maximally at the urethral meatus (尿道外口),Testicular Pain,Scrotal pain may be either primary or referred. Primary pain arises from within the scrotum
14、and is usually secondary to acute epididymitis or torsion of the testis or testicular appendices. Chronic scrotal pain is usually related to noninammatory conditions such as a hydrocele or a varicocele, and the pain is generally characterized as a dull, heavy sensation that does not radiate. Because
15、 the testes arise embryologically in close proximity to the kidneys, pain arising in the kidneys or retroperitoneum may be referred to the testes.,与尿液有关的症状,血尿 脓尿 气尿 晶体尿 乳糜尿 少尿或无尿,血尿 指尿中含有过多的红细胞。,任何程度的血尿均应引起重视。 通常血尿程度越重,发现病变的机会越大。 血尿的程度与潜在的后果并无相关性。,血尿病因,Hematuria is the presence of blood in the urine
16、; greater than three red blood cells (RBCs) per high-power microscopic feld (HPF) is signifcant. Is the hematuria gross or microscopic? At what time during urination does the hematuria occur (beginning or end of stream or during entire stream)? Is the hematuria associated with pain? Is the patient p
17、assing clots? If the patient is passing clots, do the clots have a specifc shape?,血尿来源定位,初始血尿,提示尿道或膀胱颈出血,终末血尿,全程血尿,提示病变位于膀胱三角区、膀胱颈、或后尿道,表明出血是来自膀胱或其以上的尿路,依据排尿过程中血尿出现的时间及血块的形态可对病变进行初步定位。新鲜血尿伴有大小不等的血块提示膀胱出血;蚯蚓状血块是由输尿管塑形所致,呈暗红色,表明出血来自上尿路。,Timing of Hematuria,Initial hematuria usually arises from the ure
18、thra; it occurs least commonly and is usually secondary to inammation. Total hematuria is most common and indicates that the bleeding is most likely coming from the bladder or upper urinary tracts. Terminal hematuria occurs at the end of micturition and is usually secondary to inammation in the area
19、 of the bladder neck or prostatic urethra. It occurs at the end of micturition as the bladder neck contracts, squeezing out the last amount of urine.,Association with Pain,Hematuria, although frightening, is usually not painful unless it is associated with inammation or obstruction. Pain in associat
20、ion with hematuria usually results from upper urinary tract hematuria with obstruction of the ureters with clots. Passage of these clots may be associated with severe, colicky ank pain similar to that produced by a ureteral calculus, and this helps identify the source of the hematuria.,Asymptomatic
21、microhematuria (AMH),The American Urological Association (AUA) has published guidelines regarding patients with AMH, which is defned as three or more RBCs per HPF in the absence of an obvious benign cause. Careful history, physical examination, and laboratory examination should be done to rule out b
22、enign causes of AMH, such as infection, medical renal disease, and others. If factors such as dysmorphic RBCs, proteinuria, casts, or renal insuffciency are present, nephrologic workup should be considered in addition to the urologic evaluation. anticoagulated,Asymptomatic microhematuria (AMH),The e
23、valuation of patients over 35 years of age with AMH should include cystoscopy, which is optional in younger patients. However, all patients should have cystoscopy if risk factors such as irritative voiding symptoms, tobacco use, or chemical exposures are present. CT, MRI, or renal ultrasonography Am
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