血流动力学监测进展课件.ppt
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- 血流 动力学 监测 进展 课件
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1、Pressure arterial line&CVPCardiac output,PA catheterSvO2,relative balance between oxygen supply and demandBetter understanding of tissue oxygenation,right ventricular function Functional monitoring,PiCCO,continuous CO Less invasive,TEE无创血流动力学监测n1966年Kubicek采用直接式阻抗仪测定心阻抗变化,推导出著名的Kubicek 公式。n1981 SV=(
2、VeptTZ/sec)/ZoFigure:Application of electrodes in impedance cardiography Impedance cardiography(ICG)is a safe,non-invasive method to measure a patients hemodynamic status.The ICG waveform is generated by thoracic electrical bioimpedance(TEB)technology,which measures the level of change in impedance
3、in the thoracic fluid.Four small sensors send and receive a low amplitude electrical current through the thorax to detect the level of change in resistance in the thoracic fluid.With each cardiac cycle,fluid levels change,which affects the impedance to the electrical signal transmitted by the sensor
4、s.The technology behind ICGFigure 7:Variation of ventricular,aortic and atrial pressure,aortic flow,thoracic impedance change and fist derivative of impedance(dz/dt)as a function of time(t).ECG and phonocardiogram taken simultaneously is also shown.The curve depicts the cardiac events/performance.B
5、Opening of the Aortic Valve,X Closure of the Aortic Valve,Y closure of pulmonary valve,O mitral valve opening/rapid ventricular filling,B-X Ventricular Ejection Time(VET),C Maximal deflection of dz/dt(Peak Flow),B-C slope Acceleration Contractility Index,A Atrial Systole,Q Start of ventricular depol
6、arizationPhilips Impedance Cardiography(ICG)continuously measures hemodynamic parameters without the associated risks of traditional invasive methods.The Philips ICG measurement is ideal for hemodynamic evaluation of adult patients in:nEmergency departments nStep-down units nSpecial procedure Using
7、ICG for the appropriate patient populationThe ICG measurement is designed for assessment of most adult patients height 122-229 cm(4-7 6)and weight 30-159 kg(67-350 lb)but may demonstrate reduced accuracy when patients present with the following conditions or anomalies:n Aortic valve regurgitation n
8、Minute ventilation sensor function pacemakers n Connection to a cardiopulmonary bypass machinen Sustained arrhythmias n Connection to an intra-aortic balloon pump or chest tubes Connection to a respiratory ventilator n Congenital heart defects n Pericardial effusion n Severe hypertension(MAP 130 mm
9、Hg)n Septic shock n Severe anemiaEchocardiogramAn echocardiogram is a test in which ultrasound is used to examine the heart.Echocardiograms can evaluate:n the presence of any abnormal fluid collection in the sac around the heart(pericardium).n the chamber size,thickness of the heart muscle wall and
10、how well it is functioning.n the function of the heart valves-whether they are obstructing blood flow or leaking.n any abnormal connections between chambers and vessels that may exist in congenital heart disease.n wall motion abnormalities that occur when the heart muscle is not receiving enough blo
11、od.n the presence of aneurysms,clots,tumors,vegetations(bacterial growths)on the valves.根据已知频率超声波的反射频率,测定红细胞移动的速度来推算n由于降主动脉的血流量是CO 的70%(降主动脉血流与CO 的相关系数是0.92),故其计算公式也为:CO=降主动脉血流量降主动脉的横截面积70%n多数研究结果显示它与热稀释法高度相关。多普勒超声技术测量左心室充盈期舒张末面积直接与每搏容量指数相关,可作为前负荷的定量指标。Both SV and CO can be reliably determined from
12、the spectral flow profile as a product of the velocity time integral(vti)and the flow cross sectional area(CSA),and,for CO,times heart rate(HR).This method has been in use for over 20 years in clinical practice and is probably considered the clinical haemodynamic gold standard.多普勒超声技术操作水平要求高,多种因素影响可
13、造成误差,操作者及结果分析者要有超声检查技术、图形分析基本理论知识、心血管疾病知识,而且要经过严格培训才能避免错误。此外设备、检查费用昂贵,所以此技术尚未推广。基本原理:Fick原理由Fick于1870年首先提出,该原理源自于质量守恒定律,即利用氧为指示剂测量CO,因为肺氧摄取率及含量较易测得。公式如下。CO=VO2/(CaO2CvO2)式中:VO2为氧消耗,CaO2为动脉血氧含量,Cv O2为混合静脉血氧含量。用二氧化碳(CO2)代替O2则形成了间接Fick公式。CO=VCO2/(CvCO2CaCO2)式中:VCO2代表CO2的清除,即呼气与吸气CO2含量差;CvCO2为混合静脉血CO2含量
14、;CaCO2为动脉血CO2含量,可从动脉血气分析或潮气末二氧化碳含量(ETCO2)得出。健康人肺泡CO2含量近似于动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)。通过无创技术很难获得CvCO2,而部分重复呼吸技术可避免直接测量CvCO2,即与呼吸机管路相连的重复呼吸环为150 ml的死腔,当呼吸环内的气体与肺泡及肺毛细血管达到平衡状态时,则可测出环路内CO2含量,假设在整个重复呼吸过程中混合静脉的CO2浓度无显著变化,则间接Fick公式中CvCO2可以被约掉,进而通过环路中CO2含量计算出CO,平均34 min测定1次。优缺点:优点为自动、无创、连续地监测CO(平均4 min测定1次);舒适,活动不受限;V
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