实证科学之兴起与发展课件.ppt

1、近代生物科學思維的變遷近代生物科學思維的變遷-史學與哲學考察史學與哲學考察 Historical and Philosophical Aspects of the Dynamics of Modern Biology l第一部份第一部份,生物學的文化形式。生物學的文化形式。l第二部份第二部份,舉例說明實證科學之興舉例說明實證科學之興起與發展。起與發展。l第三部份第三部份,微歷史的練習。微歷史的練習。2008生物科學史生物科學史課程目標及內容：課程目標及內容：n 每個人對於知識的理解不必然都會相同，知識每個人對於知識的理解不必然都會相同，知識份子應該也能回顧自己，建立自己的歷史價值。份子應該也能

2、回顧自己，建立自己的歷史價值。n 以切身的經驗，結合歷史發展的眼光來認識生以切身的經驗，結合歷史發展的眼光來認識生物學發展的議題。物學發展的議題。n 透過歷史事件的陳述來呈現生物科學知識的累透過歷史事件的陳述來呈現生物科學知識的累積推進中人如何發揮理智。積推進中人如何發揮理智。上課資料上課資料nhttp:/myweb.ncku.edu.tw/y1357/course/biohistry.html(http:/myweb.ncku.edu.tw/y1357/yang.html)善用網路資源善用網路資源nhttp:/www.timelinescience.org/index.php :在這個網址可

3、以查到 one thousand years of scientific thought。nhttp:/www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/evolution.html:提供許多演化論的原始資料。n很多電子書：http:/www.esp.org/books/n台灣有醫療與社會聯合教學網站：http:/sts.nthu.edu.tw/medicine/html/his.htmn北大有科學史的網站：http:/ 薛平 科學革命：一段不存在的歷史(Shapin,Steven.The Scientific Revolution.London:The University of

4、Chicago Press,1996.)，許宏彬、林巧玲譯，左岸文化出版。l蘇珊 桑塔格疾病的隱喻(Illness as Metaphor and AIDS and Its Metaphors.)，刁筱華譯，大田出版，2000。l卡爾 齊默 演化：一個觀念的勝利（Evolution:the triumph of an idea）,唐嘉慧譯,時報出版,2004。l若伊 波特 醫學簡史（Blood and Guts:A short history of Medicine）,王道還譯,商周出版,2005。l麥爾看！這就是生物學（This is biology）,涂可欣譯,天下文化出版,2003。l范

5、燕秋疫病、醫學與現代性-日治台灣醫學史,稻鄉出版,2010。l陽照還原演化論,麥田出版,2009。Sydney BrennerLetter to Max Perutz 5 June,1963 Dear Max,These notes record and extend our discussions on the possible expansion of research activities in the Molecular Biology Laboratory.First,some general remarks.It is now widely realized that nearly

6、 all the classical problems of molecular biology have either been solved or will be solved in the next decade.The entry of large numbers of American and other biochemists into the field will ensure that all the chemical details of replication and transcription will be elucidated.Because of this,I ha

7、ve long felt that the future of molecular biology lies in the extension of research to other fields of biology,notably development and the nervous systemhttp:/elegans.swmed.edu/Sydney.html生物學的文化形式生物學的文化形式生命現象裡的機械性：近代科學對於生物的定義及其取代型式。討論主軸討論主軸:立足點決定人的價值立足點決定人的價值 楊倍昌文藝復興之前印歐文明對生命的認知(由實踐而論述)。陳恒安口述史研究法簡介。

8、王秀雲歷史中的疾病(隱喻)。王秀雲王秀雲課程安排:part 1實證科學之興起與發展實證科學之興起與發展生命綿延的數學性：遺傳學三部曲。討論主軸:科學知識為什麼會被遺忘 楊倍昌生物體的基本構成：細胞論，跳躍式的 歸納法則。討論主軸:新工具對生物科學的影響 楊倍昌病菌：由未可知到可知。討論主軸:突破科學典範的要件 楊倍昌近代處理疾病的三種思考進路：免疫學、公共衛生及抗生素。討論主軸:評議科學策略 楊倍昌達爾文演化論的生物性與哲學性。討論主軸:科學新視野的機會與危險 楊倍昌台灣國家政策與科學研究的轉型。翁裕峰課程安排:part 22003年十大科學新聞年十大科學新聞(by Science)1.Dar

9、k energy2.Genetics for mental illness3.Global warming4.micro RNA on gene regulation 5.Molecular imaging6.-ray bursts7.Stem cells to germ cells 8.Left handed material9.Complete sequence of Y-chromosome10.Antiangiogenesis drug For lecture only,Rewritten by BC Yang,Ph.DNobel prize topics 1997-2008n2008

10、:HIV and human papilloma virusesn2007:Gene knockout technology for creating animal models of human disease in mice.n2006:RNA interference-gene silencing by double-stranded RNA n2005:Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.n2004:Odorant receptors and the organization of

11、 the olfactory system n2003:Magnetic resonance imaging.n2002:Genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death.n2001:Key regulators of the cell cycle.n2000:Signal transduction in the nervous system.n1999:Protein transport and localization in the cell.n1998:Nitric oxide as a signallin

12、g molecule in the cardiovascular system.n1997:Prions-a new biological principle of infection http:/ 11 MEDICAL STORIES OF THE CENTURY Presented by:The AAPAs Clinical and Scientific Affairs CouncilA selection of somebodyhttp:/www.aapa.org/clinissues/TopTen2000/sld001.htmlNumber 1 Development of the P

13、A ProfessionlNumber 2 Discovery of PenicillinlNumber 3 Discovery of InsulinlNumber 4 HIVlNumber 5 Organ TransplantationlNumber 6 Oral ContraceptiveslNumber 7-Surgeon Generals Report On SmokinglNumber 8 Discovery of the Polio VaccinelNumber 9 Eradication of SmallpoxlNumber 10 Development of CT/MRIlNu

14、mber 11-Discovery of DNAFor lecture only,Rewritten by BC Yang,Ph.DNumber 1 Development of the PA ProfessionDr.Hu and Mrs.Avanelle Myers devoted the end of their professional carriers to establishing the first baccalaureate PA program in the country at Alderson-Broadus College in Philippi,WV.The AB P

15、A program was featured on NBCs Today Show on October 20,1971.For lecture only,Rewritten by BC Yang,Ph.DNumber 2 Discovery of PenicillinlSet the framework for development of other antibiotics.lOpened the era for therapeutic use of antibiotics.lChanged the way medicine was practiced in Western country

16、.For lecture only,Rewritten by BC Yang,Ph.DNumber 3 Discovery of InsulinlDrs.Banting and Best discovered insulin in the summer of 1921lGave us a better understanding of diabetes.lInsulin changed the live of millions of people.lIn the pre-insulin period diabetes was a wasting disease coupled with sta

17、rvation treatment.For lecture only,Rewritten by BC Yang,Ph.Dhttp:/www.endo-diabasel.ch/images/BANTING%20&%20bEST.jpgNumber 4-HIVl1981,December,CDC reports infant develops a deficiency after a blood transfusion.l1984,January,transmission of the disease can occur before patient has symptoms;October,Dr

18、.Robert Gallo finds genetic variations.l1987,AZT is released.For lecture only,Rewritten by BC Yang,Ph.DFirst came God,then came Gallo-Dr.F.Wong-Staal,AIDS researcherhttp:/ lecture only,Rewritten by BC Yang,Ph.DlWorld War I:Allografts for skin transplantation.l1946:The first adrenal gland transplant.

19、l1954:The first renal transplant on monozygotic twins.l1960:The first corneal transplantl1962:The first limb.l1967:The first allogenic heart transplant.l1968:The first allogenic liver transplant.l1978:The first allogenic bone marrow replantation.lModern cannibalNumber 5 Organ TransplantationFor lect

20、ure only,Rewritten by BC Yang,Ph.DA wood panel painting(circa 1500)depicting the limb transplantation miracle by Saints Cosmos and Damian.Number 6 Oral Contraceptivesl1950:Drs.Katherine McCormick and Margaret Sanger collaborate to promote development of a physiologic contraceptive for women.l1958:Se

21、arle applies for FDA approval for contraceptive indication.l1959:FDA approves Enovid,the first oral contraceptive.For lecture only,Rewritten by BC Yang,Ph.Dhttp:/www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/aid/1240/context/ourdailylivesNumber 7-Surgeon Generals Report On Smokingl1905:In exchange for tobacco

22、-state support of the 1st federal Food and Drug Act,tobacco was removed from the US Pharmocopeia,and thus from FDA regulation.l1957:American Cancer Society followed 200,000 people for 44 months.Smokers had a 68%increased mortality.Of the 448 lung cancers,all but 15 smoked.l1965:The FTC required toba

23、cco companies to place warning labels on cigarette packages and on ads 6 months later.For lecture only,Rewritten by BC Yang,Ph.DNumber 8 Discovery of the Polio VaccinelSummer of 1916:epidemic struck New York City;27,000 people paralyzed;9,000 people dead.lJonas Salk,an American research scientist,de

24、velops vaccine from inactivated poliovirus grown in monkey kidney tissue;April 1954:Massive field trial of Salk vaccine.lApril 12,1955:Announcement of successful field trials.For lecture only,Rewritten by BC Yang,Ph.DNumber 9 Eradication of SmallpoxlIn 1796,Dr.Edward Jenner,an English physician,obse

25、rves that milkmaids with cowpox rarely get smallpox;Inoculated a boy with fluid from pustular cowpox lesion.Six weeks later no response to inoculation from pustular smallpox.l1967:World Health Organization initiates campaign to eradicate smallpox(10-15 million cases/year worldwide).l1980:World Healt

26、h Assembly declares global eradication;First time a disease vanquished.For lecture only,Rewritten by BC Yang,Ph.D人痘的記錄人痘的記錄葛洪的葛洪的肘後方肘後方就有天花建武中於南陽擊虜所得，乃呼為虜瘡就有天花建武中於南陽擊虜所得，乃呼為虜瘡 Number 10 Development of CT/MRICT:(computerized tomography)lGodfrey Hounsfield,introduced CT,1972(Nobel prize with Allen Cor

27、mack,1979).lCT measures the attenuation of X-Rays in tissue from hundreds of angles,image re-constructed by computer.For lecture only,Rewritten by BC Yang,Ph.Dhttp:/nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1979/hounsfield-autobio.htmlNumber 10 Development of CT/MRIlMRIlNuclear Magnetic Resonance in bulk ma

28、tter.lFelix Block&Edward Purcell 1952 Nobel Prize.lRaymand Damadian,1971(relaxation constants of water T1 and T2 longer in malignant rat tissue.lPaul Lauterbur,1973(resolution and spatial discrimination determined by magnetic field).lRichard Ernst,(mathematics of Fourier transforms allow imaging of

29、data from 2 dimensions).l1982,MRI becomes exam of choice for CNS.l1990s functional(fast)MRI research tool.For lecture only,Rewritten by BC Yang,Ph.Dhttp:/www.th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/jr/physpicnobel.htmlNumber 11-Discovery of DNA1861,Virchow:cells arise from other cells.1866,Haeckel:nucleus contains hereditary factors.1889,Altman:isolated nucleic acids.1953,Watson&Crick:structure of DNA.1985:The Santa Cruz Workshop/1988:OTA report,Mapping our Genes.2001:the human genome in Nature Magazine.For lecture only,Rewritten by BC Yang,Ph.D