英语 九年级 完形填空 3 逻辑关系课件.pptx（纯ppt,无音视频）

1、小试牛刀小试牛刀基本技巧2：逻辑关系典型例题典型例题生活中常见的逻辑陷阱生活中常见的逻辑陷阱逻辑陷阱之一：轻率逻辑陷阱之一：轻率概括概括（Hasty Generalization）用片面的观点看待整体问题。比如说，萧敬腾每次去一个地方开演唱会，那个地方就下雨，于是大家都称他为“雨神”。那就犯了“轻率概括”的毛病。因为萧敬腾有几次演唱会下雨，就把这几次巧合当做成一个事实。再比如说，我们取快递的时候，因为有几次遇到的快递小哥都不负责，就认为所有的快递都不靠谱。逻辑陷阱之二：预设逻辑陷阱之二：预设谬误谬误（fallacy of presumption）在提问的时候就已经做了一个错误的假设。比如有人问

2、你：三十岁还是单身，请问你压力大吗？三十岁还是单身，请问你压力大吗？表面上的问题是“你压力大吗？”其实还隐含另一个假设：三十岁的人不应该单身。再比如，女朋友问你：“我减不了肥，怎么办？”这时候，如果你回答“你再胖我都喜欢你”，那就中招了女朋友这句话，也有一个隐含的假设：“我现在很胖。”所以，这个问题，本身就是一个逻辑陷阱。最好的回答是：谁说你胖了？谁说你胖了？逻辑陷阱逻辑陷阱之三：之三：诉诸诉诸权威权威(appeal to authority)运用得最广泛的逻辑陷阱是“诉诸权威”，也就是盲从地认同权威的主张。比如广告词里面经常出现的“某某专家、某某机构权威认证”。然后你会发现，这里说的专家，其

3、实是其他领域的专家，跟他认证的品牌没有半毛钱关系。但很多人被“专家”“机构”这样的词汇迷惑住了。逻辑陷阱之四：简单归逻辑陷阱之四：简单归因因(Simple attribution)意思是把原因简单化。你知道摄影师最烦的问题是什么吗？“你这张照片拍的真好！用什么相机拍的啊？”摄影师拍一张照片，会考虑光影、色彩、构图、快门、光圈等因素，而那些不懂摄影的人，却觉得“他们就是相机买得好”。逻辑陷阱逻辑陷阱之之五五：虚假虚假两难两难(False dichotomy)最让男人头疼的问题，莫过于我和你妈妈同时落水我和你妈妈同时落水,你先救谁你先救谁了。不知道这个问题是谁发明的，但可以肯定的是：要么这个人不懂

4、逻辑，要么是太懂逻辑了。因为，这个问题在逻辑上称为“虚假两难虚假两难”，又叫假两难推理假两难推理(False dichotomy)，它把所有的可能性都屏蔽掉了，只给你两种选择。就像电锯惊魂里面的剧情一样。逻辑陷阱之六：树逻辑陷阱之六：树稻草人稻草人(Make the scarecrow)事情的前提与结论之间毫无逻辑关联。有一次，我在朋友圈吐槽说：现在的小学生作业多得做不完，为什么那些家长还要给孩子买更多的练习题呢？然后表姐回了一句：这些练习题既然出版了，总是要人去买啊！给孩子买练习题，本身没错；出版社出版练习题，也没错；但是，因为他们出版了、所以我们因为他们出版了、所以我们就要去买，就要去买，

5、这个逻辑就毫无关联可言。逻辑陷阱之七：人身逻辑陷阱之七：人身攻击攻击(personal remark)“人身攻击”，顾名思义就是根据个人的主观意愿、针对他人及身体的文字、言论攻击。如果放在逻辑思维层面，就是通过贬低对方的方式，证明对方是错误的。比如：他是个他是个懒鬼懒鬼/赌徒赌徒/渣渣男，他说的话，你还能相信吗？男，他说的话，你还能相信吗？比如：在里约奥运会游泳比赛后，霍顿无端说孙杨是“用药的骗子”，借此来证明孙杨不是他的对手，这就犯了“人身攻击”的谬误。逻辑陷阱之八：滑坡逻辑陷阱之八：滑坡谬误谬误(Slippery slope)简单来说，这种逻辑陷阱特别夸张，将因果关系串连起来，把“可能”当

6、做是“绝对”。比如小明的父母说，你这次必须考100分，不然以后进不了好高中；进不了好高中，就读不了好大学、找不到好工作；最后只能扫大街。难道你想一辈子扫大街吗？越往后，越夸张。如果我们再顺着这个逻辑走下去，全宇宙的和平都岌岌可危了。知识梳理典型例题一、常见逻辑关系的讲解一、常见逻辑关系的讲解常见逻辑关系讲解常见逻辑关系讲解本句之间上下句之间段落之间（一）本句之间的逻辑关系（一）本句之间的逻辑关系 指那些只需要读懂空缺所在句便可填出答案的题目例题：We cannot see the clouds,the r_ and the stars.（一）本句之间的逻辑关系（一）本句之间的逻辑关系 指那些只

7、需要读懂空缺所在句便可填出答案的题目例题：We cannot see the clouds,the r_ and the stars.（一）本句之间的逻辑关系（一）本句之间的逻辑关系 指那些只需要读懂空缺所在句便可填出答案的题目例题：We cannot see the clouds,the r_ and the stars.解析解析：此句中有并列连词：此句中有并列连词and把把clouds，空缺处和，空缺处和stars连接起来，所以要填的词，应该是和云彩，连接起来，所以要填的词，应该是和云彩，星星相并列的在天空中的名词，答案应该是星星相并列的在天空中的名词，答案应该是rainbow。（二）上下

8、句之间的逻辑关系（二）上下句之间的逻辑关系 指根据上下文的内容，经过推理判断可以得到答案的题目，此类题型包括前置性设空（即根据上文有关内容即可确定答案的题目）和后置性设空（指那些需要根据下文内容才能选出正确答案的题目）前置性设空例题1：A tree falls down,then the second.People chop them to make f_ and paper.（二）上下句之间的逻辑关系（二）上下句之间的逻辑关系 指根据上下文的内容，经过推理判断可以得到答案的题目，此类题型包括前置性设空（即根据上文有关内容即可确定答案的题目）和后置性设空（指那些需要根据下文内容才能选出正确答案

9、的题目）前置性设空例题1：A tree falls down,then the second.People chop them to make f_ and paper.（二）上下句之间的逻辑关系（二）上下句之间的逻辑关系 指根据上下文的内容，经过推理判断可以得到答案的题目，此类题型包括前置性设空（即根据上文有关内容即可确定答案的题目）和后置性设空（指那些需要根据下文内容才能选出正确答案的题目）前置性设空例题1：A tree falls down,then the second.People chop them to make f_ and paper.解析解析：该空缺处有：该空缺处有and连

10、接，所以要填的空应该是和连接，所以要填的空应该是和paper并列的名词，然后根据前文中并列的名词，然后根据前文中“一个一个又一个树倒下来又一个树倒下来”，树木可以制作家具和纸张，所以，空缺处应该填，树木可以制作家具和纸张，所以，空缺处应该填furniture。例题2：There will be a fire drill(演习)at two oclock in the afternoon.When you hear the a_,please leave your classrooms and go to the playground.例题2：There will be a fire drill

11、(演习)at two oclock in the afternoon.When you hear the a_,please leave your classrooms and go to the playground.例题2：There will be a fire drill(演习)at two oclock in the afternoon.When you hear the a_,please leave your classrooms and go to the playground.解析解析：上文中有：上文中有“下午两点钟下午两点钟有有火警火警演习演习”的提示，所以应该是听到的提示

12、，所以应该是听到“警报警报”之后，离开教室之后，离开教室去操场，由此，可以推断出答案是去操场，由此，可以推断出答案是alarm.后置性设空例题1：Without water,your body would stop w_.A person cant live without water for more than a few days.后置性设空例题1：Without water,your body would stop w_.A person cant live without water for more than a few days.后置性设空例题1：Without water,you

13、r body would stop w_.A person cant live without water for more than a few days.解析解析：根据下文：根据下文“如果没有水的话，人活不过几天的时间如果没有水的话，人活不过几天的时间”，所以上文没有水的话，人的身体，所以上文没有水的话，人的身体将会停止运转，由此，可以推断出空缺处应该是将会停止运转，由此，可以推断出空缺处应该是working。例题2：“Is anybody there?”Millie asked.N_ answered.They listened very carefully and heard the

14、strange noise again.例题2：“Is anybody there?”Millie asked.N_ answered.They listened very carefully and heard the strange noise again.解析解析：根据下文：根据下文“他们又再次听到了奇怪的噪声他们又再次听到了奇怪的噪声”，所以刚才的提问没有人应答，由此，可以，所以刚才的提问没有人应答，由此，可以推断出答案是推断出答案是Nobody。（三）语篇之间的逻辑关系（三）语篇之间的逻辑关系例题：One Sunday morning,Millie and Amy went to S

15、unshine Park.They love to chat there.As usual,they sat under the big tree.Suddenly,they heard a whisper from the bushes behind the tree.They turned around but could not see anything unusual.They ran away quickly.On their way,they saw Andy.What happened?Andy asked.Theres a ghost in the park.Please he

16、lp us,Millie said.Really?Tell me more,Andy said.Millie told Andy everything.Andy went to the park,stood beside the tree and listened carefully.Then he heard the whisper!He looked behind the tree and heard another whisper.He was now sure the sound came from the bushes.He searched carefully.Oh!Here it

17、 is,Andy said to himself.He found a little cat in the bushes.It was very weak.When it miaowed,it made a sound like a whisper.Andy put the little cat into a box and went to find Millie and Amy.They were still frightened.Andy opened the box and showed them the ghost.This is the ghost in the park,Andy

18、said.Millie and Amy were surprised-it was a little cat!L_ that day,they took the little cat to the animal center.People in the canter would take care of it.The following Sunday,Millie and Amy went to Sunshine Park again and had a great time there.They were not afraid any more.Oh!Here it is,Andy said

19、 to himself.He found a little cat in the bushes.It was very weak.When it miaowed,it made a sound like a whisper.Andy put the little cat into a box and went to find Millie and Amy.They were still frightened.Andy opened the box and showed them the ghost.This is the ghost in the park,Andy said.Millie a

20、nd Amy were surprised-it was a little cat!L_ that day,they took the little cat to the animal center.People in the canter would take care of it.The following Sunday,Millie and Amy went to Sunshine Park again and had a great time there.They were not afraid any more.解析：这是一篇记叙文，且文中有解析：这是一篇记叙文，且文中有as usu

21、al,suddenly,then,等表示时间的副词，所以空缺也应等表示时间的副词，所以空缺也应该填一个表示该填一个表示“顺承顺承”的时间副词，又是以的时间副词，又是以L开头，所以应该填开头，所以应该填Later。二、上下句之间的常见二、上下句之间的常见逻辑逻辑包括让步和转折，对立表示前后句意思对立相反。让步翻译成“虽然，尽管，即使”；转折翻译成“但是，然而”，一般出现在后一句。例例1:_Its a wide house,it is dark.A.HoweverB.AlthoughC.IfD.Because 包括让步和转折，对立表示前后句意思对立相反。让步翻译成“虽然，尽管，即使”；转折翻译成“

22、但是，然而”，一般出现在后一句。例例1:_Its a wide house,it is dark.A.HoweverB.AlthoughC.IfD.Because 例题分析：例题分析：让步关系，后一句“它很黑暗。”那么隐藏逻辑应该是前句“房子很小”。事实却是“房子很wide宽”。前后句意思相反，表示“尽管，虽然”，选B。例例2:And there are beautiful beaches here in Galicia,although there probably is 79 on them at the moment.79.A.somebodyB.anybodyC.everybodyD.

23、nobody 例例2:And there are beautiful beaches here in Galicia,although there probably is 79 on them at the moment.79.A.somebodyB.anybodyC.everybodyD.nobody 例题分析：例题分析：D。前一句“这里有漂亮沙滩”，那就应该后一句是“人多”，但是有个although，所以为“人多”的反义，即“没人”。例例3：In your classroom,you have learned to read“fast.”_,outside of the classroom

24、,you should try to learn to read“slow.”80.A.For exampleB.FinallyC.HoweverD.Whats more 例例3：In your classroom,you have learned to read“fast.”_,outside of the classroom,you should try to learn to read“slow.”80.A.For exampleB.FinallyC.HoweverD.Whats more 例题分析例题分析：转折，前一句“在你的教室里，读得快”。后一句“在你的教室外，读得慢。”前后两句“

25、里外，快慢”是两对对立的关系，“然而，但是”，选C。例例4：He was sent to hospital immediately,but the doctors believed that he might 81 get well.81.A.never B.ever C.always D.sometimes 例例4：He was sent to hospital immediately,but the doctors believed that he might 81 get well.81.A.never B.ever C.always D.sometimes 例题分析例题分析：A。前一句

26、“被送到医院”，后一句应该为“能治好”，但是“but”表明“治不好”，所以选A。并列：并列：指的是句子与句子之间在语义上相互关联，在句子结构上趋于相同，在句子成分上地位相当的关系。翻译成“和”。例例5：Editors read through the stories to correct mistakes.They 82 write headlines and captions(图片说明).82.A.also B.never C.always D.hardly 并列：并列：指的是句子与句子之间在语义上相互关联，在句子结构上趋于相同，在句子成分上地位相当的关系。翻译成“和”。例例5：Editor

27、s read through the stories to correct mistakes.They 82 write headlines and captions(图片说明).82.A.also B.never C.always D.hardly 例题分析：例题分析：A前一句Editors通读故事以改正错误，后一句They（editors）写标题和图片说明，前后两句都是编辑做的两件事情，相同的动宾结构，表并列，翻译成“和”。例例6:Not only has she done all of these 83 ,but since the age of 5,Calista has helped

28、 out as much as she can at all of the Special Olympics events she goes to.83.A.gentlyB.luckilyC.silentlyD.successfully 例例6:Not only has she done all of these 83 ,but since the age of 5,Calista has helped out as much as she can at all of the Special Olympics events she goes to.83.A.gentlyB.luckilyC.s

29、ilentlyD.successfully 例题分析：例题分析：D。Not onlybut（also）表并列，but后内容表明为D。递进：递进：指后一句以前一句为基点，并在程度上或范围上比前一句有更进一层的语义关系，翻译为“甚至，更，还，并且，而且”。例例7:Flexibility is the main advantage.Students can attend school wherever and whenever they desire._76_,many online schools will allow students to work at their own pace.76.A

30、.In returnB.First of allC.Whats moreD.As a result 递进：递进：指后一句以前一句为基点，并在程度上或范围上比前一句有更进一层的语义关系，翻译为“甚至，更，还，并且，而且”。例例7:Flexibility is the main advantage.Students can attend school wherever and whenever they desire._76_,many online schools will allow students to work at their own pace.76.A.In returnB.Firs

31、t of allC.Whats moreD.As a result 例题分析：例题分析：前一句“（网校让）学生们可以随时随地去上学。”后一句是“网校将允许学生们以他们自己的速度去行事”。后一句进一步说明了前一句“网校”的灵活性，表示“并且”，选C。例例8:He liked the course.Besides,Yangs class was so interesting that he always listened carefully,never 76 whether the other students were paying attention or not in class.A.car

32、ing aboutB.playing withC.getting ready for D.depending on 例例8:He liked the course.Besides,Yangs class was so interesting that he always listened carefully,never 76 whether the other students were paying attention or not in class.A.caring aboutB.playing withC.getting ready for D.depending on 例题分析：例题分

33、析：A。“前一句的总听得很仔细。”因果关系包括原因和结果，因果指的是前后文在语义上存在原因与结果的关系。“原因”出现在第一句，翻译为“因为、由于、既然”；“结果”出现在后一句，翻译成“所以、才、以致、因此、那么”。例例9:_84_ water is so important,you might want to know whether youre drinking enough.84.A.If B.While C.Although D.Since 因果关系包括原因和结果，因果指的是前后文在语义上存在原因与结果的关系。“原因”出现在第一句，翻译为“因为、由于、既然”；“结果”出现在后一句，翻译成

34、“所以、才、以致、因此、那么”。例例9:_84_ water is so important,you might want to know whether youre drinking enough.84.A.If B.While C.Although D.Since 例题分析：例题分析：前一句“水这么重要”，后一句“你可能想知道是否你喝了足量的水。”前后两句应为“既然水如此重要，那么我们想要知道自己喝的水够不够（还要不要补充对身体重要的水）”。前后为因果，出现在第一句为“因为”，只有D的since可以表“因为，既然”，选D。例例10:Soon,Jamie came to the door a

35、nd looked at me 78 because she didnt expect my visit.78.A.in a hurryB.with pleasureC.in surpriseD.with care 例例10:Soon,Jamie came to the door and looked at me 78 because she didnt expect my visit.78.A.in a hurryB.with pleasureC.in surpriseD.with care 例题分析：例题分析：C。后一句的“因为她没料到我的到来”。表示有了某一种条件才能出现某种结果；没有这

36、个条件，就不会出现这种结果，翻译成“只要、只有、除非、不管”。例例11:83 you dont understand a question,ask the interviewer to repeat or explain.83.A)UnlessB)IfC)UntilD)As 表示有了某一种条件才能出现某种结果；没有这个条件，就不会出现这种结果，翻译成“只要、只有、除非、不管”。例例11:83 you dont understand a question,ask the interviewer to repeat or explain.83.A)UnlessB)IfC)UntilD)As 例题分

37、析：例题分析：后一句“问面试官重复或解释”，“问”是在前一句“你不懂的”情况下发生的，懂的话就不用问了，所以为条件，选B，“如果”。例例12:If you do these things 85,the shyness snake will soon begin to leave you alone.85.A)for a while B)for the first time C)in the end D)in a minute 例例12:If you do these things 85,the shyness snake will soon begin to leave you alone.8

38、5.A)for a while B)for the first time C)in the end D)in a minute 例题分析：例题分析：A。后一句的soon，表示过一会儿。为了与之对应，选择A。通过列举有代表性的、恰当的事例来使想表达的意思让别人理解得更清晰明白和有说服力。例例13:Your body has lots of jobs and it needs water to do many of them._82_,your blood needs a lot of water to carry oxygen to every part of your body.Water a

39、lso helps to protect 82.A.In addition B.For exampleC.By the way D.In other words 通过列举有代表性的、恰当的事例来使想表达的意思让别人理解得更清晰明白和有说服力。例例13:Your body has lots of jobs and it needs water to do many of them._82_,your blood needs a lot of water to carry oxygen to every part of your body.Water also helps to protect 8

40、2.A.In addition B.For exampleC.By the way D.In other words 例题分析：例题分析：B。第一句“你的身体需要水来运转”，第二句“水运送氧气到身体的各部位”，第三句“水还帮你”。二三句都是距离说明水如何帮身体运转的。时间逻辑表明另一句子动作发生或进行的时间。时间逻辑表明另一句子动作发生或进行的时间。例例14：82 you get full confidence in yourself,you are sure to face any trouble.82.A)Since B)When C)Until D)Although 时间逻辑表明另一句子

41、动作发生或进行的时间。时间逻辑表明另一句子动作发生或进行的时间。例例14：82 you get full confidence in yourself,you are sure to face any trouble.82.A)Since B)When C)Until D)Although 例题分析：例题分析：前一句“_对你自己充满自信”，后一句“你一定能面对任何困难”。预先设想的某行为的可能目标和结果。预先设想的某行为的可能目标和结果。例例15:Count your steps 85 you know how far you have gone and note any landmarks

42、such as tower blocks or hills which can help to find out where you are.85.A)though B)since C)so that D)when 预先设想的某行为的可能目标和结果。预先设想的某行为的可能目标和结果。例例15:Count your steps 85 you know how far you have gone and note any landmarks such as tower blocks or hills which can help to find out where you are.85.A)tho

43、ugh B)since C)so that D)when 例题分析例题分析：C。“数脚步”的目的是“find out where you are.”【总结】句句间间逻辑逻辑类型类型 常考逻辑关系词常考逻辑关系词对立关系让步：although,though,even though,even if,despite,in spite of “虽然，尽管，即使，即便，不管”转折：but,however,yet,while，instead of,not.but“然而，但是”并列递进 并列：and,and also,or,similarly,as well as,neithernor,eitheror,n

44、ot onlybut also,the sameas;on one handon the other hand,for one thingfor another,oneanother,someothersstill others “和或也,一方面另一方面”递进：also,then,besides,in addition,furthermore,moreover,whats more “还，甚至，并且，另外”【总结】句句间间逻辑逻辑类型类型 常考逻辑关系词常考逻辑关系词因果因为：because,for,since,as,due to,thanks to,because of,now that,f

45、or this reason “因为，由于”所以：thus,therefore,so,so.that,such.that,as a result “所以”条件if,unless,as long as“如果，除非，只要，要是”举例such as,for example,for instance,of(these,those,them),among(these,those,them)“例如，比如”时间when，whenever，before，after，since，as，while，untiltill，as soon as，at the same time，every time，by the ti

46、me目的in order that,so that，so as to，in order to“为了，以便，以致于”三、段落之间三、段落之间的常见的常见逻辑逻辑一般放在段落首句表示与前一段的主旨思想对立相反。例例1:“Drink your milk.Its good for you!”Youve probably heard that many times,and its true.Milk contains calcium(钙),which is necessary for keeping bones and teeth healthy and strong.The US government

47、 even 80 milk as part of the National School Lunch Program,saying that students should drink one cup of fat-free or low-fat milk every meal.However,a group of doctors asked the government to take it away from the lunch program.The US Physician Committee for Responsible Medicine(PCRM)says,“Milk is hi

48、gh in sugar,fat and animal protein,”all of which are not so 81 to health.80.A)requiresB)refusesC)drinksD)stops81.A)harmful B)beautiful C)helpful D)awful 一般放在段落首句表示与前一段的主旨思想对立相反。例例1:“Drink your milk.Its good for you!”Youve probably heard that many times,and its true.Milk contains calcium(钙),which is

49、necessary for keeping bones and teeth healthy and strong.The US government even 80 milk as part of the National School Lunch Program,saying that students should drink one cup of fat-free or low-fat milk every meal.However,a group of doctors asked the government to take it away from the lunch program

50、.The US Physician Committee for Responsible Medicine(PCRM)says,“Milk is high in sugar,fat and animal protein,”all of which are not so 81 to health.80.A)requiresB)refusesC)drinksD)stops81.A)harmful B)beautiful C)helpful D)awful 例题例题分析：分析：80.A。复习句间逻辑，前面的even表“递进”，前几句都是正向词，所以为正向。81.C。段落逻辑，由段首的转折词Howeve