Introductiontocriticalthinking(批判性思维介绍)课件.ppt

1、-1-2-3“Some people study all their life and at their death they have”Francois Domergue -4Why is Imagination so Important?I Need input from you!-5To help you improve your Thinking Skills-61.What is Thinking?6.Barriers to Critical Thinking 2.Types of Thinking 4.Critical Thinking Standards5.Benefits of

2、 Critical Thinking7.Characteristics of a Critical Thinker 3.What is Critical Thinking?-7-8Why doesnt SHE like me?Why doesnt HE like me?-9-10-11Problem SolvingDecision MakingLeft-12-13WARNING:THIS MAN IS NOT THINKING CRITICALLY!Source:http:/ thinking consists of a mental process of analyzing or evalu

3、ating information,particularly statements or propositions that people have offered as true.It forms a process of reflecting upon the meaning of statements,examining the offered evidence and reasoning,and forming judgments about the facts.”Wikipedia“Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined

4、 process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing,applying,analyzing,synthesizing,and/or evaluating information gathered from,or generated by,observation,experience,reflection,reasoning,or communication,as a guide to belief and action.“-Michael Scriven&Richard PaulMore Definitions-15 is the genera

5、l term given to a wide range of cognitive and intellectual skills needed to:Effectively identify,analyze,and evaluate arguments.Discover and overcome personal prejudices and biases.Formulate and present convincing reasons in support of conclusions.Make reasonable,intelligent decisions about what to

6、believe and what to do.-16Problem SolvingDecision MakingLeftDont need to memorize definitions!Just understand and practice the emphasized in this course.-17-18-19The most significant critical(intellectual)thinking standards:ClarityAccuracy Precision Relevance Depth Breadth Logic Fairness-20Could you

7、 elaborate further on that point?Could you express that point in another way?Could you give me an illustration?Could you give me an example?Help you I can,yes.-21Is that really true?How could we check that?How could we find out if that is true?Powerful you have become,the dark side I sense in you.-2

8、2Could you give more details?Could you be more specific?Size matters not.-23How is that connected to the question?How does that bear on the issue?I studied hard all semester,therefore I should get A+.You must unlearn what you have learned.-24How does your answer address the complexities in the quest

9、ion?How are you taking into account the problems in the question?Is that dealing with the most significant factors?Grave danger you are in.Impatient you are.-25Do we need to consider another point of view?Is there another way to look at this question?What would this look like from a conservative sta

10、ndpoint?What would this look like from the point of view of.?That is why you fail.Headache!You got 0 marks for“Participation”,because you didnt participate in the class discussion at all.-26Does this really make sense?Does that follow from what you said?How does that follow?But before you implied th

11、is and now you are saying that;how can both be true?Superman sees through anything.Superman sees through walls.Superman sees through You.May the force be with you.-27Critical thinking demands that our thinking be fair.Open-minded ImpartialFree of distorting biases and preconceptionsDifficult to achi

12、eve,but you must try!-28.rather than.UNCLEAR.rather than.INACCURATE.rather than.VAGUE.rather than.IRELEVANT.rather thanINCONSISTENT.rather thanILLOGICALrather thanINCOMPLETE.rather than.BIASED-29-30Examples:Academic Performancequnderstand the arguments and beliefs of othersqCritically evaluating tho

13、se arguments and beliefsqDevelop and defend ones own well-supported arguments and beliefs.WorkplaceqHelps us to reflect and get a deeper understanding of our own and others decisionsqEncourage open-mindedness to changeqAid us in being more analytical in solving problemsDaily lifeqHelps us to avoid m

14、aking foolish personal decisions.qPromotes an informed and concerned citizenry capable of making good decisions on important social,political and economic issues.qAids in the development of autonomous thinkers capable of examining their assumptions,dogmas,and prejudices.-31-32If Critical Thinking is

15、 so important,why is it that uncritical thinking is so common?Why is that so many people including many highly educated and intelligent people find critical thinking so difficult?-33Lack of relevant background informationPoor reading skillsPoor listening skillsBiasPrejudiceSuperstitionEgocentrism So

16、cio-centrism Peer pressureMindless ConformismMindless non-conformismProvincialismNarrow-mindednessClosed-mindednessDistrust of reasonStereotypingUnwarranted assumptions and stereotypes Relativistic thinkingScapegoatingRationalization Wishful thinkingShort-term thinkingSelective perception/attentionS

17、elective memoryOverpowering emotions Self-deceptionFace-savingFear of change-34Five Powerful Barriers to Critical Thinking:Self-centered thinking self-interested thinking self-serving biasGroup-centered thinking Group bias ConformismBeliefs that are presumed to be true without adequate evidence or j

18、ustification Assumption StereotypingBelieving that something is true because one wishes it were true.The truth is“just a matter of opinion”Relativismq Subjectivism Cultural relativismI am probably the greatest thinker since Socrates!-35In a 1989 international study of 13-year-olds,Koreans finished f

19、irst in mathematics and Americans finished last.Yet when asked whether they thought they were good at mathematics,only 23 percent of Koreans said yes,compared to 68 percent of Americans.-36 Muhammad Ali speaking in Zaire,Africa:Theres no country as great as the smallest city in America.I mean here i

20、n Zaire you cant watch television.The water wont even run right.The toilets wont flush.The roads,the cars-theres nothing as great as America.-37-38-39-40Are you OPEN MINDED about other peoples view?Are you HONEST to yourself(or others)when you are wrong?Do you have the COURAGE and PASSION to take in

21、itiative and confront problems and meet challenges?Are you AWARE of your own biases and preconceptions?Do you WELCOME CRITICISM from other people?Do you have INDEPENDENT opinions and are not afraid to disagree?The Force,I sense is with you.-41Critical Thinkers Uncritical Thinkers Have a passionate d

22、rive for clarity,precision,accuracy,relevance,consistency,logicalness,completeness,and fairness.Often think in ways that are unclear,imprecise,inaccurate,etc.Are sensitive to ways in which critical thinking can be skewed by egocentrism,sociocentrism,wishful thinking,etc.Often fall prey to egocentris

23、m,sociocentrism,wishful thinking,etc.Are intellectually honest with themselves,acknowledging what they dont know and recognizing their limitations.Pretend they know more than they do and ignore their limitations.Listen open-mindedly to opposing points of view and welcome criticisms of beliefs and as

24、sumptions.Are close-minded and resist criticisms of beliefs and assumptions.Base their beliefs on facts and evidence rather than on personal preference or self-interest.Often base their beliefs on mere personal preference or self interest.Are aware of the biases and preconceptions that shape the way

25、 they perceive the world.Lack awareness of their own biases and preconceptions.Think independently and are not afraid to disagree with group opinion.Tend to engage in group think,uncritically following the beliefs and values of the crowd.Are able to get to the heart of an issue or problem,without be

26、ing distracted by details.Are easily distracted and lack the ability to zero in on the essence of a problem or issue.Have the intellectual courage to face and assess fairly ideas that challenge even their most basic beliefs.Fear and resist ideas that challenge their basic beliefs.Love truth and curi

27、ous about a wide range of issues.Are often relatively indifferent to truth and lack of curiosity.Have the intellectual perseverance to pursue insights or truths,despite obstacles or difficulties.Tend to preserve when they encounter intellectual obstacles or difficulties.-42Break into groups of 4-5,a

28、nd then discuss,identify and rank the Top 10 characteristics/traits/behaviours of an Choose one member of your group to take notes and be the group reporter.10 minBrainstorm together and identify 10 characteristics for each item above.(e.g.try to remember the best lecturer(s)you have ever had and th

29、en identify their characteristics).5 minPrioritize and rank the chosen characteristics of each item above according to importance(e.g.Top 10).15 minGroup presentation&discussion-The Group reporter must submit their findings in hard copy format after the class(use template)or soft-copy format to the

30、lecturer before next class.Dr.Yoda was an excellent teacher,because he engaged our mind,had activities,etc.-431.What is Thinking?Thinking is a purposeful,organized cognitive process that we use to make sense of our world.2.Types of ThinkingCreative&Critical Thinking3.What is Critical Thinking?Critic

31、al Thinking is the general term given to a wide range of cognitive and intellectual skills needed to:Effectively identify,analyze,and evaluate arguments;Discover and overcome personal prejudices and biases;Formulate and present convincing reasons in support of conclusions;and Make reasonable,intelli

32、gent decisions about what to believe and what to do.Critical thinking skills emphasized in this course,include:Reasoning,Analyzing,Evaluating,Decision Making and Problem solving.4.Critical Thinking StandardsClarity,Accuracy,Precision,Relevance,Depth,Breadth,Logic and Fairness5.Benefits of Critical T

33、hinkingAcademic performance,workplace and daily life.6.Barriers to Critical ThinkingExamples include Egocentrism,Sociocentrism,Unwarranted Assumptions,Wishful Thinking,and Relativistic Thinking7.Characteristics of a Critical ThinkerOpen-mindedness,independent thinking,self-aware,passionate,insightful,honest and intellectual humility,intellectual courage,and welcome criticism,etc.-44-45-46