工程力学专业外语课件.ppt

1、BASIC TYPES OF DEFORMATIONS OF ROD Combined Loading and deformation Content Types Loading characteristics Axial Tension Shear Torsion Bending Bear;Bearing stressnormal stressShear forcetensile forcecompressive forceShearing stressShear forceBending momentnormal stressTorqueShearing stressShearing st

2、ressEA-the axial rigidity of the rod in tension or compressionE-elastic modulusG-the modulus of rigidity or shear modulusIP Polar moment of inertia.Wt section factor modulus in torsionIz Section moment of inertia.Wz section modulus1.Types of support2.Types of loadcouples forcesuniformly distributed

3、loadlinearly increasing load3.Shear forces and bending moments in a cantilever beamA roller support A pin support A fixed supportconcentrated loaddistributed loadq act downwardsV clockwise rotationM compression in the top fibers of the beamgraphical methods”),(zyxSet of elements(or members)x,y,zinte

4、rsectionunionThere is a or there existsXAA is a subset of the set X;or A is contained in the set XXAA is not a subset of the set X;or A is not contained in the set XXAXAA is a member of the set X;or A belongs to XA is not a member of the set X;or A does not belong to X)(xffunction f of xxd dee x,dif

5、ferential xdxdythe first derivative of y with respect to x22dxd ythe second derivative of y with respect to xxythe first partial derivative of y with respect to xnabla;vector differential operatorfgradf Gradient of fVV divDivergence of V1.Stress and strain are related terms used to define the intens

6、ity of internal reactive forces in a deformed body and associated unit change of dimension,shape,or volume by externally applied forces.2.Yielding strength is the stress accompanying a specified permanent plastic strain,which is considered as not having impaired useful elastic behavior and which rep

7、resents the practical elastic strength for materials having a gradual knee in the stress-strain curve.3.Ultimate strength defines the maximum resistance to tensile,compressive,or shearing forces,expressed either as a total load-producing fracture as in the case of a rope or cable,the maximum stress

8、developed prior to fracture,or the stress accompanying some limiting deformation.4.Ultimate tensile strength is the maximum nominal tensile stress developed during increasing-load application,calculated from maximum applied load and original unstrained sectional area.5.Those materials developing lar

9、ge elongation reach maximum load resistance prior to fracture,which occurs at a locally reduced section.6.The strain energy per unit volume stored in the material when fractured is represented by the total area under the stress-straincurve and it called the toughness.Elastic Range:Linear elastic:Non

10、linear elastic:Plastic Range:Yield point Yield strength Ultimate strength力学力学 mechanics牛顿力学牛顿力学 Newtonian mechanics经典力学经典力学 classical mechanics静力学静力学 statics运动学运动学 kinematics动力学动力学 dynamics动理学动理学 kinetics宏观力学宏观力学 macroscopic mechanics,macromechanics 细观力学细观力学 mesomechanics 微观力学微观力学 microscopic mechan

11、ics,micromechanics一般力学一般力学 general mechanics固体力学固体力学 solid mechanics流体力学流体力学 fluid mechanics理论力学理论力学 theoretical mechanics应用力学应用力学 applied mechanics工程力学工程力学 engineering mechanics实验力学实验力学 experimental mechanics计算力学计算力学 computational mechanics理性力学理性力学 rational mechanics物理力学物理力学 physical mechanics地球动力学

12、地球动力学 geodynamics分析力学分析力学 analytical mechanics 力 force作用点 point of action作用线 line of action力系 system of forces力系的简化 reduction of force system等效力系 equivalent force system刚体 rigid body力的可传性 transmissibility of force平行四边形定则 parallelogram rule力三角形 force triangle力多边形 force polygon零力系 null-force system平衡

13、equilibrium力的平衡 equilibrium of forces平衡条件 equilibrium condition平衡位置 equilibrium position平衡态 equilibrium state 静平衡 static balancing动平衡 dynamic balancing静不平衡 static unbalance动不平衡 dynamic unbalance现场平衡 field balancing不平衡 unbalance不平衡量 unbalance本构关系 constitutive relation Acceleration，velocity(速度),speed(

14、速率),vector Assumption,hypothesis,postulate Dynamics=kinematics(运动学)+kinetics（动力学）Rectangular,square,parallelogram,rhombus（菱形），diamond（菱形）Pentagon（五边形，五角形）hexagon（六边形）polygon（多边形）Quadrangular 四棱柱，triangular prism（三棱柱）cylinder（圆柱体）column-shaped things（柱状物）pillar;post;column（柱子）cone（锥体），sphere;globe（球）

15、triangular pyramid（三棱锥）rectangular pyramid（四棱锥）oval;oval-shaped;ellipse;ellipsoid（椭圆）trigonometry,algebra,and differential and integral calculus Radius of curvaturecurvature (Greek kappa),neutral surfaceneutral axis 0 elongation tensionIz the MOMENT OF INERTIA of the cross-sectional area;the area MO

16、MENT OF INERTIA;or second moment of area.EI -the structural rigidityboundary conditions.NEWTONS LAW OF MOTIONSir Isaac Newton,in his treatise the principia,announced three famous laws that describe the motion of a particles.First Law:For every action,there is an equal and oppositely reaction,or the

17、mutual forces exerted by two particles on each other are always equal and oppositely directed.Second Law:Acceleration of a particle is proportional to the force that acts on the particle and inversely proportional to the mass of the particle.F(force)=m(mass)a(acceleration)Third Law Every force(actio

18、n)is accompanied by an equal and opposite force(reaction)Action-reactionModal analysis 模态分析n1.Finite element modal analysis of ground driving system for progressing cavity pump;螺杆泵井地面驱动系统的有限元模态分析n2.Fluid-solid coupling modal analysis on G70B train oil tank;G70B列车油罐液固耦合模态分析n3.Experimental Modal Analy

19、sis on Back Cover of Computer;基于模态分析对电脑显示器后壳的研究 mode analysis 模态分析 n1.Mode analysis of finite element on a crankshaft by using APDL language to set up Three-dimensional model;APDL参数化三维建模的曲轴有限元模态分析n2.Emulation and mode analysis of the long-span steel arch bridge;大跨度钢拱桥的仿真与模态分析n3.Application of mode a

20、nalysis in hydraulic turbine;模态分析在水轮机中的应用 Modal analysis 模拟分析法n1.The Application of ANSYS in Model Analysis of CNC Lathe;ANSYS在数控机床模态分析中的应用n2.Finite element model analysis of slingshot substructure of ZJ70D drilling rig;ZJ70D型钻机双升式底座有限元模态分析n3.The finite element modeling and model analysis of the tel

21、econsulting vehicle compartment;远程会诊车车厢有限元建模与模态分析 modality analysis 模式分析 n1.Finite element modality analysis of single cylinder crankshaft crack based on CAD modeling;基于CAD建模的单缸曲轴裂纹的有限元模态分析n2.Restraint modality analysis on spatial mechanical arm;空间机械臂约束模态分析n3.Treatment of hinge link in finite elemen

22、t modality analysis of flexible bodied mechanism;柔体机构有限元模态分析中铰链联接的处理 mode shape analysis 阵型分析n1.On the basis of mode shape analysis,dynamic analysis,ANN,ANFIS and random vibration theory,vehicle frame can be dealt with by the dynamic analysis,manufacture performance parameters for the frame can be a

23、nalyzed online,and the quality of the frame can be verified and forecasted.本文以模态分析、动态分析、ANN（人工神经网络）、ANFIS（自适应模糊推理系统）理论及随机振动理论等作为基础,对汽车车架在试车场环境下进行动态分析以及汽车车架制造性能参数在线分析、质量检验、预测与控制nIntermolecularnCohesivenCompactnessnMechanical analysisnIntermolecular cohesionnThermodynamicsnElastic energynSurface tensi

24、onnCurvaturenSpecific weight 比重（量）nSpecific volume 比容nSpecific gravity 比重（力）nBulk modulus 体积模量 FLUID PROPERITES FLUID PROPERITESn1.matter exists in two states-the solid and the fluid,the fluid state being commonly divided into the liquid and gaseous states.n物质有两种状态-固体和流体，流体通常又分为液体和气体 n2.Solids diffe

25、r from liquids and liquids from gases in the spacing and latitude of motion of their molecules,these variables being large in a gas,smaller in a liquid,and extremely small in a solid.n在他们的分子间距与分子运动范围方面，固体不同于液体，液体又不同于气体，这些变量在气体较大，液体中较小而固体中最小。FLUID PROPERITESn3.These fundamental facts account for the

26、familiar compactness and rigidity of form possessed by solids,the ability of liquid molecules to move freely within a liquid mass,and the capacity of gases to fill completely the containers in which they are placed,while a liquid has a definite volume and a well defined surface.n这些基本事实说明固体具有熟知的紧密性和形

27、状的刚性，液体分子在一液体团中的自由运动能力和气体完全充满所盛容器的能力，而液体有一一定的体积和一明确的表面。n4.All fluids can be compressed by the application of pressure,elastic energy being stored in the process;assuming perfect energy conversions,such as compressed volumes of fluids will expand to their original volumes when the applied pressure is

28、 released.n一切流体通过施加压强均可被压缩，在这过程中，弹性能被储存起来，假定能量转换是完全的，当所施压强移去后流体的这种被压体积会膨胀至它原来的体积。FLUID PROPERITESn5.Thus fluids are elastic media,and it is customary in engineering to summarize this property by defining a modulus of elasticity as is done for solid elastic materials such as steel.n这样，流体是弹性介质，如同固体弹性材

29、料所作那样，比如钢。通常在工程中通过定义一弹性模量来概括这一性质。n6.Also relevant to the use of equation(12)is the observed fact that the velocity at a solid boundary is zero,that is,there is no”slip”between fluid and solid for all fluids that can be treated as a continuum.n在固体边界处速度为零-即在流体与固体之间，一切可以当做连续介质看待的流体均不存在“滑动”-这一观察到的事实与使用方

30、程（12）有关。FLUID PROPERITESn7.In gases，where intermolecular cohesion is usually negligible,the shear stress,between moving layers of fluid results from an exchange of momentum between these layers brought about by molecular agitation normal to the general direction of motion.n8.In fact,treating the sup

31、porting tension is an analogy used widely in theoretical treatment of surface tension problems.n事实上，将表面当成一种承受张力的薄膜是理论处理表面张力问题是广泛使用的一种类比法。n在气体中，分子间的内聚力通常可以忽略，运动流体层之间的剪应力 来自这些层之间的动量交换，这种交换是由于分子在垂直于总运动方向的扰动引起的。1.The fluid enters the boundary layer and loses much of its kinetic energy,of which a small p

32、art is conduced away although most is converted into thermal energy.2.流体进入边界层同时失去了它的许多功能，动能的一小部分被传导走了，虽然它的大部分被转换为热能。2.Constrained by the duct walls into a no-gowth condition,the velocity profile settles into a fully developed shape which is independent of the streamwise coordinate.3.速度轮廓线受通道壁的约束成为无法

33、生长的情况，它演变成了与流向坐标无关的充分发展形状。3.All solid surface interact with a viscous fluid flow because of a no-slip condition,a physical requirement that the fluid and solid have equal velocities at their interface.4.由于物理上的无滑移条件要求，即在流体与固壁的界面处有相同的速度，一切固壁表面与粘性流体流动相互影响。Boudinary-layer flow 边界层流动；inviscid 无粘性的；viscou

34、s 粘性；newtonian fluid 牛顿流体；constrained 被约束的；4.Many terms may then be dropped from basic Navier-Stokes equations,and the resulting boundary-layer equations eliminate pressure as a variable and solve merely for u and v by extending downstream between the wall,where no-slip obtains,and the inviscid oute

35、r stream,where U(x)is assumed directly related to the pressure P(x)by the Bernoulli relation（3）.5.省去了Navier-Stokes方程组中的许多项和所得到的边界层方程组不再把压强作为一变量；同时在下游的固壁与外部无粘性流之间的范围内仅对u和v求解。在固壁处有无滑移条件，而在外部无粘流处，假定速度U(x)与压强p(x)通过伯努利关系式（3）直接联系。nAnchor 锚nDam 水坝；ramp，incline，slope斜坡nPlacement 方位；supervisor;advisor;tutor导

36、师nComputer-aid-design 计算机辅助设计；nStructural engineering 结构工程；npipeline engineering 管道工程；CIVIL ENGINEERINGCIVIL ENGINEERINGn1.Enviormental specialists study the projects impact on the local area;the potential for air and groundwater pollution,the projects impact on local animal and plant life,and how t

37、he project can be designed to meet government requirements aimed at protecting the environment.n环境专家研究工程项目对本地区的冲击，即空气与地下水被污染的潜在可能性，工程项目对本地区动物与植物生命的冲击，和如何设计工程项目使其满足政府对保护环境的要求。n2.Supervising and coordinating the work of these civil engineer specialists,from beginning to end of the project,are the cons

38、truction management specialists.nTo impact on-对的冲击；nTo meet the requirements of-满足.的要求；nTo aim at doing-目的在于CIVIL ENGINEERINGn3.Based on information supplied by the other specialists,construction management civil engineers estimate quantities and costs of materials and labor,schedule all work,order

39、materials and equipment for the job,hire contractors and subcontractors,and perform other supervisory work to ensure the project is completed on time and as specified.n以其它专家所提供的信息为基础，施工管理土木工程师估计材料与劳力的数量和价格，安排一切工作计划，订购工作所需的材料与设备，雇佣承包商和进行其他监督工作以确保工程项目能按时按规定的完成。n4.Using computers,structural engineers d

40、etermine the forces a structure must resist,its own weight,wine and hurricane forces,temperature changes that expand or contract construction materials,and earthquakes.n结构工程师使用计算机确定一结构所必需抵抗的力，即结构本身的重量，风力与飓风力，温度变化引起建筑材料的膨胀或收缩和地震。CIVIL ENGINEERINGn5.Their projects help prevent floods,supply water for

41、cities and for irrigation,manage and control rivers and water runoff,and maintain beaches and other waterfront facilities.nRunoff-径流，流走之物；nWaterfront-滨水区n6.They coordinate the activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work:the surveyors;workers who lay out and construct the temporary roads and

42、 ramps,excavate for the foundation,build the forms and pour the concrete;and workers who build the steel frame-work.n他们几乎协调每一参加工作人员的活动；这包括测量员；设计与建造临时道路与斜坡，挖掘地基，建造外形与倾注水泥的工人；和建造钢筋骨架的工人。n他们的工程项目帮助防止洪水，供给城市和灌溉用水，管理与控制江河及水的流失，并维护海滩和其他沿岸设施。CIVIL ENGINEERINGn7.Radio signals from satellites,scanned by lase

43、r and sonic beams,are converted to maps to provide very accurate measurements for boring tunnels,building highways and dams,plotting flood control and irrigation projects,locating subsurface geologic formations that may affect a construction project and other building uses.n通过激光束与声束，可把热早地球卫星来的无线电信号转

44、变为图像，一边为开凿隧道建造公路与堤坝，为计划洪水控制与灌溉工程，为确定向施工计划的地下地质构造和为其他许多建筑用途提供很准确的测量结果。nTo convert A to B-把A转换成B；nTo provide A for B-为B提供A；n杆元 bar element 桁架杆元 truss element 梁元 beam element 二维元 two-dimensional element 一维元 one-dimensional element 三维元 three-dimensional element n轴对称元 axisymmetric element 板元 plate elemen

45、t 壳元 shell element 厚板元 thick plate element 三角形元 triangular element 四边形元 quadrilateral element 四面体元 tetrahedral element 曲线元 curved element 二次元 quadratic element 线性元 linear element 三次元 cubic element 四次元 quartic element 等参数元 isoparametric element n局部坐标系 local coordinate system 局部坐标 local coordinate 面积坐

46、标 area coordinates 体积坐标 volume coordinates 曲线坐标 curvilinear coordinates 模态叠加法 mode superposition method 平衡迭代 equilibrium iteration 网格生成 mesh generation 结构分析程序 structural analysis program 前处理 pre-processing 后处理 post-processing 网格细化 mesh refinement 应力光顺 stress smoothing 组合结构 composite structure n岩石力学

47、rock mechanics 原始岩体应力 virgin rock stress 构造应力 tectonic stress 三轴压缩试验 three-axial compression test 三轴拉伸试验 three-axial tensile test 三轴试验 triaxial test 岩层静态应力 lithostatic stressn地压强 geostatic pressuren土力学 soil mechanics 弹性力学 elasticity n应力不变量 stress invariant 应变不变量 strain invariant 应变椭球 strain ellipsoi

48、dn应变协调方程 equation of strain compatibility 拉梅常量 Lame constants 各向同性弹性 isotropic elasticity n半逆解法 semi-inverse method 瑞利-里茨法 Rayleigh-Ritz method 松弛法 Relaxation method 莱维法 Levy method 松弛 Relaxation 量纲分析 Dimensional analysis 各向异性弹性 Anisotropic elasticity热弹性 Thermoelasticity 超弹性 Hyperelasticity 粘弹性 Visc

49、oelasticity n非线性弹性 Nonlinear elasticity 大挠度 Large deflection 简单加载 Simple loading 比例加载 Proportional loading 卸载 Unloading 本构方程 constitutive equation 等效应力 equivalent stress 等效应变 equivalent strain 各向同性强化 isotropic hardening 强化模量 strain-hardening modulus 理想弹塑性材料 elastic-perfectly plastic Material n强迫边界条件

50、 forced boundary condition 自然边界条件 natural boundary condition 离散化 Discretization 离散系统 discrete system连续问题 continuous problemn广义位移 generalized displacement 广义载荷 generalized load 广义应变 generalized strain 广义应力 generalized stress 节点 node,nodal point 节点号 node number 单元 Element 单元号 element number 角节点 corner