tcltk编程及应用简介课件.pptx

1、OutlinesTcl/Tk Around UsTcl/Tk OverviewBasic Tcl SyntaxIntroduction for TkIntroduction for ExpectHomebrew Test Automation FrameworkThe SUR of TAO ProjectResourcesTcl/TkAround UsFrom WorkPlaceIn WCS In ITE/8610 Using Expect to communicate with WCS:send CLI commands and get response.In Cisco IOSRouter

2、enableRouter#tclshRouter(tcl)#puts$tcl_version8.3Test Automation for Telecommunication and Network Equipments To Our Daily LifeIts easy to design handy programs based on Tcl to fulfill different tasks A fish screen save program A e-piano A Painting padFishPIANOTexpict.tclTcl/TkOverview-Say“tickle te

3、e-kay”Whats TclTcl stands for Tool Command Language Joh Ousterhout,University of California.First release was in 1989.A simple scripting language:Cross platform support.Tcl can run on most popular operation system such as unix/linux,Windows,Macintosh and so forth Scripts are interpreted at run time.

4、Which makes the development cycle faster than compiled languages,no waiting for long compilations The capability to call C/C+routines Similar to other shell languages such as UNIX C shell,Perl,VB.“”to study Excellent text analysis competenceWhats Tcl(cont)Un-typed and a string-based command language

5、 Data types are not used when variables are defined.You neednt specify a variable as integer,float or a string.The basic mechanisms are all related to strings and string substitutions All variables are stored as strings.automatic type conversion in contextset x 10;#create a variable“x”and give a val

6、ue“10”to itset y 20;#create a variable“y”and give a value“20”to itset z expr$x+$y;#x plus y and save result in“z”set y“Im a string now.Indeed Im always string:-)”puts“Expression result is:$z”;#print result on standard outputs“Y becomes as:”$y”set aArray“Jack boy Merry girl”;#define an arrayputs“Im a

7、n array,but a string indeed:n$aArray”Whats Tcl(cont)Easy to extend There are numerous free extensions built on top of Tcl/Tk for specific functions available on the Internet.Tclx:Handling signal events Net-Snmp:support snmp communinication BWidget/IWidget etc.:Tk extensions provides special and powe

8、rful widgets Http&ncgi:for http server programming It is easy to add new Tcl primitives by writing C procedures Tcl/Tk is Pure C Open-Source code,new Tcl commands can be implemented by specific extensions programmed in C,fairly easy without changing Tcl core.Totally Free!Whats TkTk A Tcl-based toolk

9、it for programming graphical user interfaces Quick and easy to build powerful user interfaces.Portable,one copy of script can work unchanged on UNIX,Windows,and the Macintosh.Whats ExpectExpect A Tcl-based Toolkit for Automating Interactive Programs The program interactively prompt and expect user t

10、o enter keystrokes in response A default command in some operation systems Theres also an Expect extension for tcl which can also be loaded to tcl shellTcl not so good newsInterpreted languages run slower and use more processing time or overheadWithout a complier,syntax errors cant be found until th

11、e script is executedUn-typed languages do not allow for the most efficient translation of codeBasic Tcl SyntaxTcl Commands FormatA Tcl script consists of one or more commands Commands are separated by newlines or semi-colons A script with two commands separated by a newline character:set a 24set b 2

12、5 Above script could be written on a single line using a semi-colon separator:set a 24;set b 25 Basically each command consists of one or more words First word is the name of a command Additional words are arguments to that command Words are separated by spaces and tabs var1 var2 VariableNeednt decl

13、are the type of variable,automatic conversion in contextset x“10.99”;#this is a stringputs“expr int($x)”;#output would be 10Need to be declared and assigned a value before useVariable name is case-sensitiveAssignment expression:set To use value of a variable,put a“$”ahead of it as$If you want to app

14、end extra characters to a variable,use braces around variable name as:set x“Hello ”puts“$xJack!”;#This is wrong,it would treat xJack as variable nameputs“$xJack!”;#This is right!Different scopes should share variable values by specific methods.namespace procedure To use global to visit global variab

15、les children interpreterCommentsComment is set in a shell way,leading by a“#”set a(“john”)boy;#Set value of element“john”of array“a”as“boy”#Or we can do asarray set a“john boy”;#If you lik,you cancomment using multi-linesBe careful when add comments to a“switch”expressionswitch var“go”to handle go#I

16、f it does not support following value,comment it later:=Wrong!“pause.Standard Output&InputI/O operation for standard input and output,normally the terminal in front of us.Print out on terminal:puts“abcdefg No Thanks.”Format the string by using“format”command Similar as Cset str format“%-2d%20s%9d”,1

17、93 is not equal to 0133;#octal number“193 is not equal to 91”Get input:puts-nonewline“Your name please:”gets stdin sNameMath and Logical Expressionexpr expr expr 1+2;set x 10;set y 20;expr$x+$y=30expr abs(-10)=10expr 10*rand()=9.06197207004855;#result is double,0 value 5;#in range of 07incrset x 1in

18、cr x=2incr x 3=5incr x-2=3 logic“and”“or”.Control:Branch and LoopIf.elseif.else.if Boolean expression if xxx else if xxx elseif else Forset sum 0;for set i 0;set y 10$i 450Whilewhile gets$fd line=0 Switchswitch-exact$xyz“0”;?break?;“1”?default?Foreach(refer to operation of list)List,Array&Operation“

19、list”represent a list of string Commands for listlist,lindex,lrange,lappend,lreplacesplit,join Array is similar as the“associate”array or hash data in perl or php.%set lst1“Jack boy blue Merry girl red”;#or%set lst2 list Red White Yellow Blue%foreach x$lst puts“$xn”%foreach x y z$lst1 puts student n

20、ame:$x,a$y,who likes$zstudent name:Jack,a boy,who likes bluestudent name:Merry,a girl,who likes redputs lindex$lst2 2=Whiteputs lindex$lst2 0=Red%array set aArr list Jack boy Merry girl%parray aArraArr(Jack)=boyaArr(Merry)=girl%array get aArrJack boy Merry girl%array names aArrJack Merry%array size

21、aArr2%foreach x y array get aArr puts Name:$x,a$yName:Jack,a boyName:Merry,a girlString&Operation append format subst string commandn string comparen string matchn string equal(added in 8.4)n string rangen string tolower/touppern string trim string comparation:n if$str1=$str2 puts equaln string comp

22、aring commands such as“string match”string class check:n string isif string is integer 10 puts okProc and ReturnProcedure in tcl similar as function in C,perl,php,unix shell etc.proc arg1 arg2.args proc body return stringproc calc1 opa “opb 10”return expr$opa+$opb calc1 2 3=5calc1 2=12 proc calc2 ar

23、gs ;#Vary argument list set opa lindex$args 0 set opb lindex$args 1 return expr$opa+$opb global variable In a procedure,use“global”to make a global variable visible from inside of procedureFile I/OWrite file%set fd open abc w+=filef76ec0%puts$fd abcdn%puts$fd efgtn%flush$fd%close$fd Read file%set fd

24、 open abc r=filef840d8n Get file content line by line%while gets$fd line!=-1 puts-nonewline$line=abcd efgtn Read commandread?chunk bytes?set str read$fdwhile!eof$fd svet buf read$fd 10000 .Socket&File Eventsocket?-myaddr addr?-myport myport?-async?host portsocket-server command?-myaddr addr?portNOTE

25、:“port”specified here is the“listening”port which cant be used to transfer data.As the connection request is accepted,a new socket will be created for transport data.proc Accept newSock addr port global sock_arrputs Accepted$newSock from$addr port$portset sock_arr(addr,$newSock)list$addr$portfconfig

26、ure$newSock-blocking 0 buffering nonefileevent$newSock readable list Echo$newSockset status catch socket-server Accept$SERVER_PORT ssif!$status set sock_arr(main)$ss puts Create server socket success.Servers socket is$ss else error Create servers socket failed:$ssproc Echo sock global sock_arrif eof

27、$sock|catch gets$sock line return puts$sock string toupper$lineflush$sockExample SERVERExample CLIENTVariable interpolationHappens in double quote“”and normal expressionsset x“Hello”puts“$x Jack!”set y list$x Jack“!”Interpolation would be prohibited in most kinds of braces puts$x Jack the result wou

28、ld be:$x JackIts not always such thing for brace,brace in some command will not prohibit variable replacement:catch err for ifError Handling&DiagnosticMulti-line commandset x list Nanjing Beijing list Shen Yang DalianShould no special character except for carriage-return/new lineShould not put comme

29、nt after the“catch”commandcatch command catch errors,but would not break the processerror information to be saved as the“errorInfo”global variableStore error information the“error”commanderror command can cause an error,error“line 50 broken for mismatched value”=This error can be captured by“catch”c

30、ommand and return 1,and error string will be set to errorInfo.Regular Expression Syntax-Commands regexpregexp?flags?pattern string?match sub1 sub2.?#Get IP address out,and last numberregexp 0-91,3.0-91,3.:digit:+.(:digit:1,3)IP Address:172.24.229.3 sMatch sVar1 regsubregsub?switches?pattern string s

31、ubspec varname Regular Expression Syntax-BasicMatching charactersMost characters simply match themselvesthe period,“.”,matches any single characterab matches ab;“a.”match an a followed by any charactor.Character sets a-z matches any character in this rangea-z matches any character isnt in this range

32、,=not matches or Quantifiers*for zero or more:a*matches zero or more as.“.*”matches anything+for once or more:a+matches a,aa,aa.a?zero or one:a?matches zero or one aAlternation(or branch)(H|h)ello matches Hello and hello,same as hello|HelloAnchor:matches the beginning of a string$:matches to the end

33、 of a string:.*$matches a whole line with anything,even empty lineBachslash QuotingTo turn off special means of following character:.*?+()$|Capturing sub-patternsgrouped with parentheses “Im.*IP address(0-9+.0-9+.0-9+.0-9+)$”NOTE:sub-patterns will be captured and save in specific variables.If use(?:

34、pattern),pattern will be captured but not saved,command will be fasterRegular Expression Syntax-Advanced character classes:digit:=0-9=d:alpha:=A-Za-z :space:=bfnrtv=s Nongreedy Quantifiers By default quantifier+*?will match as many characters as possible.Use“?”behind them can prohibit such.+n matche

35、s as many lines as possible till last line.+?n matches just one line Bound Quantifiersm,n matches latest m times,and maximum n times Back referencesNOTE:regsub does not support the function of using back-references outside of regular expression in perl s/(S+)s+(S+)/$2$1/SignalSIGHUPHang upSIGINTInte

36、rruptSIGQUITquitSIGKILLkillSIGPIPESIGTERMSIGSTOPSIGTSTPSIGCONTSIGHLDSIGWINCHwindow size changeSIGUSR1SIGUSR2trap call back scripts sig_nametrap puts“bye bye”;exit SIGINTTime Event:the after commandproc Circle global switcherif$switcher=off#kill all after event,and then return#do something for repeat

37、after 1000 Circlen after millisecondsn after ms arg?arg.?n after cancel idn after cancel commandn after idle commandn after info?id?Example CLOCKIntroduction for TkCreate children widgetsWindow is organized in a hierarchy A primary window-the root of the hierarchy,is the main window of the applicati

38、on named as“.”.Widgets in primary window are its children window,named as“.”And child window can has its own children.“.”First charactor of should be in lower-case or a digital numberframe.fButframe.fText.fBut configure-borderwidth 1;.fText configure-borderwidth 1 entry .fBut.eEnt -width 20set bBut

39、button.fBut.bHello-text HELLO!.fBut.eEnt configure-bg pink.fBut.bHello configure-command.fBut.eEnt insert end hello!;.fText.tText insert end Hello set tTr text.fText.tText-yscrollcommand.fText.yscroll set -xscrollcommand.fText.xscroll set$tTr configure-width 40-height 20-foreground brown-wrap wordsc

40、rollbar.fText.yscroll-command$tTr yview-orient verticalscrollbar.fText.xscroll-command$tTr xview-orient horizontalDisplay Widgets Put and display widgets in main window:n.fBut:a Framework contains a single line text input entryn.fText:a Framework contains a text will scrollbarn.fBut.eEnt:The entryns

41、et bBut.fBut.bHello:A buttonnset tTr .fText.text:Text bodyn.fText.yscroll :X scroll bar(horizontal)n.fText.xscroll :Y scroll bar(vertical)Three main geometry managern pack:constraint-based geometry managern grid:control in detailn place:place a widget in another onepack.fBut.fText-side left-fill bot

42、h-expand truegrid.fBut.eEnt-sticky newsgrid$bBut-sticky newsgrid$tTr.fText.yscroll-sticky newsgrid.fText.xscroll-sticky ewgrid rowconfigure.fText 0-weight 1grid columnconfigure.fText 0-weight 1grid propagate.fText falseA Simple Menumenubutton.mb-text File-menu.mb.menu pack.mb-padx 10-pady 10 set m m

43、enu.mb.menu-tearoff 1$m add command-label Hello-command puts Hello,World!$m add check-label Boolean-variable foo -command puts foo=$foo$m add separator$m add cascade-label Fruit-menu$m.sub1 set m2 menu$m.sub1-tearoff 0$m2 add radio-label apple-variable fruit-value apple$m2 add radio-label orange-var

44、iable fruit-value orange$m2 add radio-label kiwi-variable fruit-value kiwi note:to add menu in BsPmMonitorGuiIntroduction for ExpectExpect Commands Syntax spawn spawn telnet return a pid save handle in local variable“spawn_id”send alias of exp_send When use together with Tk,exp_send is prefer.expect

45、expect -re“Password:”-re“User Name:”.exp_continue eof timeout interact close exp_internal 0|1 log_file options of“send”n-h set send_human.1.3 1.05 2 set send_human.4.4.2.5 100 n send-s set send_slow 10,.001timeoutuser_spawn_iduser_spawn_idfifoinoutspawn_iduser_spawn_iduser_spawn_idfifoinoutspawn_id

46、No.1spawn_id No.2inoutExpectExpectfifoinoutfifostandard I/OExample 1:Manipulate MGW automaticallyspawn expect Login:“send“rootrn”expect“Password:”send“rootnr”expect“”send“send 13,1:connectrn”expect-timeout 5-re“connect.*C”send“helprn”expect timeout 3“C”spawn expect Login:“exp_send“rootrn”exp_continu

47、e “Password:”exp_send“rootnr”exp_continue -re“”exp_send“send 13,1:connectrn”puts“connect ok”timeout puts“time out”eof puts“session broken”Test Automation with Tcl/Tk and ExpectManul TestTest Simulatoranalyzes traffic/signalingSNMP/CLI/WEMSUTsends traffic/signalingOther EM.Test Engineercontrolscontro

48、lscontrolsTest Management DBfeedback test results and update test statustests to doTest Equipment(ITE,EAST.)System Under TestElement ManagerTest management Data BaseExample Test ScenarioInstall patchesConfigure SystemSpecific ConfigurationChange Specific configCleanup ConfigurationPatch fallbackInvo

49、ke Test ToolVerify result?Calling Test ToolVerify result?Pass/FailPass/failAutomation Simulatoranalyzes traffic/signalingSNMP/CLI/WEMSUTsends traffic/signalingOther EM.Test ScriptscontrolscontrolscontrolsTest Management DBfeedback test results and update test statustests to doTest Equipment(ITE,EAST

50、.)System Under TestElement ManagerTest management Data BaseThinking About Automation:MethodsTest Harness Editor Execution Execute test scripts in specific flow/sequence Configuration Start/Pause/Stop Status monitor:pass/failure TC number and list Log Report Compatible Test-case language independent