第七讲-系统功能语言学111020课件.ppt
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- 第七 系统 功能 语言学 111020 课件
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1、 Context and text are closely related.We can predict the text from context,and prediction the context from the text.Hallidays example:If you come across once upon a time,then you know immediately that you are being told a traditional story,probably a childrens story.There is no other context in whic
2、h that expression is used.You can therefore predict quite a lot not only about what is going to follow,but also about the situation in which that is actually being used;typically,let us say,someone reading out a story to a small child.If you hear four hearts,it is probably not something taken from.a
3、 teenage romance novel,but a bid in a game of bridge:it can only occur at certain points in a certain card game.If you hear on your marks,then you know that it is a sports occasion at a school,probably a primary school,and that a race is about to begin;the teacher starting the race is saying on your
4、 marks,get set,go.If you hear 30 please,it could be in a shop,but it is more likely to be on some form of public transport where the cost of the ticket is 30c;the meaning is I want one 30c ticket,please.On the other hand,without the context,sometimes,it is difficult to know the meaning of the text:S
5、ince the relation between text and context is established,then the next question is:What dimensions of context have an impact on the use of language,and what dimensions of the text are affected by the particular dimensions of the context?We need to study context in detail.Levels:register,genre,ideol
6、ogy Register:(following Martins theory):field,tenor and mode:referring to the situational context Genre(the cultural context):the stages and structures of the texts.Ideology(the values we hold,the biases and perspectives we adopt.)the dominant cultural beliefs and ideas.1.语域语域 人类所有的语言活动都是在一定的语境中发生的。
7、人类所有的语言活动都是在一定的语境中发生的。语域的界定:语域指的是语域的界定:语域指的是“语言的功能变体语言的功能变体”(functional variety of language).所谓功能变体,就是因情景语境的变化而产生变化所谓功能变体,就是因情景语境的变化而产生变化的语言变化形式。的语言变化形式。根据根据Gregory and Carroll(1978)的观点,语境因的观点,语境因素包含:话语范围(素包含:话语范围(field of discourse)、话语基、话语基调调(tenor of discourse)、话语方式(、话语方式(mode of discourse)Field o
8、f discourse Subject matter and setting;subject matter can be technical or nontechnical.Voice is often constrained by field of discourse.Tenor of discourse Personal tenor and functional tenor;intimate or distant relationship;formality.Mode of discourse Medium and channel;spoken/written;spoken to be w
9、ritten/written to be spoken.语域的特点(1)语域可以根据不同的精密度阶进行分类:例如,科技英语可再分为数学英语、心理学英语等语域;(2)不同语域之间有不同的距离,有的语域十分接近;有的大不相同。(3)语域有开放性与封闭式之分。学习一个封闭性语域就不必要教授这个语域之外的其他语域特征,可以比较快、比较好地完成教学任务。语域的基本功能是预测语篇结构。语域的预测性与语域的封闭程度直接相关。例如:天气预报新闻报道日常闲谈。语域与方言的关系语域与方言的关系 方言也是语言的变体;韩礼德曾明确指出:语域变化的基础是语言使用(according to use),而方言变化的基础是语
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