高中英语语法之三大从句汇编课件.ppt
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1、高中英语语法之三大从句(二)句法:英语的句子成分句子成分和句子结构句子结构1、句子成分:、句子成分:英语中主要有七种,即主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)、补语(complement)、表语(predicative)。注意句子成分和词类之间的对应关系2、句子结构:、句子结构:简单句:简单句:有五种基本结构:(1)主+谓 (2)主+谓+宾 (3)主+谓+间宾+直宾 (4)主+谓+宾+宾补 (5)主+系+表并列复合句:并列复合句:两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词并列连词连在一起构成的句子。其基本结构是“简
2、单句+并列连词+简单句”。并列连词有:and,but,or,so等。如:You love music and you are good at music.主从复合句:主从复合句:即各种从句,包括名词性从句名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)、定语从句定语从句、状语从句状语从句。高考中占分比最大的是宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和定语从句。如何区分是简单句还是复合句呢?定语从句:Attributive Clause 从句在整个句子中作定语,来修饰某个名词或代词,并从属于主句。状语从句:Adverbial Clause 从句在整个句子中作状语,起副词的作用。根据其作用可分为时间、
3、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。一般由连词来引导。名词性从句:Noun Clause 从句在整个句子中起名词的作用,相当于名词词组。它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等。因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词性从句又可分为主语从主语从句句、宾语从句宾语从句、表语从句表语从句和同位语从句同位语从句。找谓语动词找谓语动词(是否为复合句)(是否为复合句)如无并列连词,分别找出如无并列连词,分别找出主句和从句主句和从句判断从句在整个句子中判断从句在整个句子中担任何种成分担任何种成分?(即为何种从句)?(即为何种从句)He said his father is an
4、 engineer.The little girl in red coat is my sister.The prize will go to the writer whose story shows the most imagination.The old town has narrow streets and small houses that are built close to each other.Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator,where it will keep for two or three wee
5、ks.(一)定语从句基本概念 1、定语:修饰或限定名词和代词的形容词 2、定语从句:顾名思义就是一个句子作定语,并从属于主句。3、先行词先行词:定语从句中所被修饰的名词或代词。(可以是人或物)4、关系词关系词:引导定语从句的词,代替前面的先行词,并在定语从句中充当句子成分。有关系代词(which who/whom that whose)和关系副词(when where why)两种。结构:先行词先行词+关系词关系词+定语从句定语从句(1)Stephen Hawking believes that earth is unlikely to be the only planet where lif
6、e has developed gradually.【2010福建】(2)Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school whom I met in the English speech contest last year.【2010湖南】(3)The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister where she would stay for an hour.【2010江西】(4)Thats the ne
7、w machine whose parts are too small to be seen.【2010山东】(二)定语从句的分类 限定性定语从句限定性定语从句:从句对先行词进行必要的描述或说明,缺少它则句义显得不完整,从句与先行词紧密相连。非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句:从句对先行词或主句进行补充说明或解释,它与先行词或主句间有逗号隔开。(不能用that引导,一般由which who whose as 等引导)Do you remember the girl who taught us English?My house,which I bought last year,has got a
8、lovely garden.Charles Smith,who was my former teacher,retired last year.This novel,which I have read three times,is very touching.He seems not to have grasped what I meant,which greatly upsets me.二者之间有什么区别?如何判定属于哪种?定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分,构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。He was the only person in this country who was inv
9、ited.1、在句中作用不同:、在句中作用不同:限定性定语从句对先行词有限定制约作用,使该词含义更具体,更明确。限定性定语从句不能被省略,否则句意不完整。非限定性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,只是对其作一些附加说明,不起限定制约作用。如果将非限定性定语从句省去,主句的意义仍然完整。2、外在表现形式不同、外在表现形式不同:限定性定语从句因与先行词关系密切,所以不可用逗号将其与主句隔开;而非限定性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。3、先行词内容有所不同:、先行词内容有所不同:大多数限定性和非限定性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语,而特殊情况下,非限定性定语从句的先行
10、词也可为整个主句,此时非限定性定语从句常由 which 引导。4、关系词的使用情况不同:、关系词的使用情况不同:that 不可用于引导非限定性定语从句关系代词替代情况不同:who替代whom、that替代who/whom关系代词省略情况不同:关系代词在限定性定语从句中作宾语时可省去,非限定性定语从句所有关系词均不可省。翻译不同翻译不同:一般把限定性定语从句翻译在它所修饰先行词之前,而把非限定性定语从句与主句分开。1、People who take physical exercise live longer.进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉,句子就失去意义)2、His daughter,
11、who is in Boston now,is coming back home next week.他女儿现在在波士顿,下星期回来。(若把从句去掉,句子意义仍然完整)3、He is the man whose car was stolen.他就是汽车被窃的那个人。4、Ive invited Jim,who lives in the next flat.我邀请了吉姆,他就住在隔壁。5、I have bought the same dress which she is wearing.我买了和她身上穿的一样的衣服。(which指the same dress)6、Peter drove too f
12、ast,which was dangerous.彼得开车很快,这是很危险的。(which指drive too fast)7、He changed his mind,which made me very angry.他改变了主意,这使我很生气。(which指整个主句)8、Li Ming,with whom I went to the concert,enjoyed it very much.9、Last Sunday they reached Nanjing,where a conference was to be held.注意:并非只有并非只有 which 才能引才能引导非限定性定语从句。导
13、非限定性定语从句。非限定性定语从句中,如果先行词指人则用 who,which 或 whose 引导;先行词指物可用 which 引导;先行词表时间或地点且在从句中作时间状语或地点状语时,可用 when,where 引导。(三)关系代词关系代词引导的定语从句1、常见的关系代词有:who whom that which whose 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词。如果先行词指人,关系代词可用 who whom that whose;如果先行词指物,关系代词可用which或that。(1)This is the detective who came from London.(2)She
14、has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students which allows them to communicate freely with each other.【2011福建】(3)The desk whose leg is broken is very old.(4)This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致。2、关系代词who,whom和whose的用法(1)wh
15、o代替人,是主格,在定语从句中作主语。(有时可用作主语。(有时可用that代替代替who)An architect is a person who designs buildings.Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first.(2)whom代替人,是宾格,在定语从句中作宾语作宾语。在非正式英语中常可省略。Do you know the gentleman(whom)we met in the school library yesterday?This is the student(
16、whom)my father taught ten years ago.The girl(who/that)I saw is called Mary.(3)whose一般代替人,有时亦可代替物,是所有格,在定语从句作定语作定语。The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad.Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here?(正式用法中:whose window=the window of which)3、关系代词which
17、和that的用法(1)关系代词which代替物,在定语从句作主语或宾语作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略。I do not like stories which have unhappy endings.(which可换成可换成that)Tom works for a factory which makes watches.(which可以换成可以换成that)(2)关系代词that既可指人又可指物,在当代英语中大多指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略。Is she the girl that sells newspapers?(that可以换成可以换成who)Where is
18、 the ice-cream that was in the fridge?(that可以换成可以换成which)Is this the book that you want to buy?(that可以换成可以换成which,在定语从句,在定语从句中作宾语,可以省略中作宾语,可以省略)A.关系代词关系代词who、whom与与that的区别:的区别:(1)当关系代词用作主语时,多用主格)当关系代词用作主语时,多用主格who。如He who loses hope loses all.失去希望的人就失去一切。(先行词为代词(先行词为代词he,they,any,all,one等,多用等,多用who)
19、I met Alice,who told me that she was learning Chinese.我遇见艾丽斯,她告诉我她在学汉语。(在非限制性定语从句中,用(在非限制性定语从句中,用who)(2)当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时,用宾格)当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时,用宾格whom,不用,不用that。例如:The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。(介词与关系代词紧密相连时,只能用宾(介词与关系代词紧密相连时,只能用宾格格whom,不可用主格,
20、不可用主格who)注意:介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时,或者说介词放在句子后面时,这时可以用主格who,也可用,也可用that,还可省略关系代词。,还可省略关系代词。(3)当关系代词泛指人时,多用)当关系代词泛指人时,多用that。He is a man that is never afraid of failure.他是个从不怕失败的人。(that用来泛指人)(4)当关系代词出现在)当关系代词出现在who开头的疑问句时,应用开头的疑问句时,应用that。例如:Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English?(避免重复使用who,以免造成误解或
21、语义含混不清)只能用只能用who,不能用,不能用that引导定语从句的情况引导定语从句的情况 all作先行词且指人时 先行词是those且指人时 在there be结构中且指人时 先行词是指人的不定代词时,如one,anyone,no one,all,nobody,anybody,none等1.All _ have studied this question have come to the same conclusion.2.Those _want to go to the cinema will have to wait at the gate of the school.3.There
22、is a young lady _ asks for you.4.The student you should learn from is the one _works hard and studies well.B.关系代词关系代词which与与that的区别:的区别:(1)当先行词为all,much,little以及不定代词anything,something,everything等时,关系代词多用that。例如:All that glitters is not gold.闪闪发光物,未必尽黄金。She told me everything that she knew.她把她所知道的一切都
23、告诉了我。(2)当先行词前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词the only,the very,all,every,any,no等时,关系代词一般都用that。例如:This is the best novel that I have ever read.这是我读过的最好的一部小说。He is the only person that has been invited to the ball.(3)当关系代词出现在which开头的疑问句时,应用that。例如:Which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest?哪一个是推荐给
24、外宾的宾馆?(这里使用that很明显是为了避免重复which)(4)在非限定性定语从句中,关系代词一般只用which。例如:Beijing,which is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China,will host the 2008 Olympic Games.北京是中华人民共和国的首都,将主办2008年奥运会。(5)介词后的关系代词用which,而不用that。例如:She has collected 600 stamps,60%of which are German stamps.她收集了600张邮票,其中60是德国邮票。只能用只能用wh
25、ich不能用不能用that引导定语从句的情况:引导定语从句的情况:引导非限定性定语从句时引导非限定性定语从句时当关系代词前有介词时当关系代词前有介词时当先行词本身就是当先行词本身就是that时时Football,_ is a very interesting game,is played all over the world.This is the house in _ he once lived.That you told him about is what we want to know.只能用只能用that不能用不能用which引导引导定语从句的情况引导引导定语从句的情况先行词前有序数词
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