英语成人高考复习被动语态和虚拟语气课件.ppt

1、 基础知识复习-被动语态和虚拟语气 英语成人高考复习指导 Part1:被动语态和虚拟语气概述 英语动词除了时态，还有 语态和语气的变化。被动语态在英语中非常常见；虚拟语气在现代英语中已趋于很少使用，大纲只要求学生能读懂、理解虚拟语气的句子，不要求使用。语态是表示句子的主语和谓语动词行为之间关系 的动词形式。英语的语态分为两种：主动语态和被动语态。Part2:被动语态 主动语态表示主语是谓语动词行为的 发出者。He killed the animal.他杀死了那动物。被动语态表示主语是谓语动词行为的 承受者。被 The animal was killed.那动物被杀死了。被动语态-含义 不及物动

2、词（不接宾语）一般不能用于被动语态；及物动词（接宾语）则一般都能用于被动语态，但也有一些不可，如：fit,have,hold（容纳）,lack,own,suit 等等。Note：被动语态通常由助动词be+过去分词构成，行为的发出者可由介词by引出。（is,am,are,was,were+Ved）Houses are built by builders.房子是建筑工人盖的。被动语态-构成 通常是将宾语变为主语，谓语动词变为被动式，主语变为介词by的宾语，其他成分一般保留不变。Builders build houses.建筑工人盖房子.Houses are built by builders.房子

3、是建筑工人盖的。被动语态-主动语态与被动语态的转换 被动语态的时态：由助动词be的各种时态形式+过去分词构成。常用者如下：被动语态-被动语态的时态 一般现在时：(I park my car near our house.)My car is parked near our house.我的车停在我家附近。被动语态的时态 Note：接宾语从句的及物动词 变被动语态可有两种方式：?People believe that he is right.It is believed that he is right.He is believed to be right.大家相信他是对的。一般过去时：(He

4、painted the wall white.)The wall was painted white.墙油成了白色的。被动语态的时态 一般将来时：(They will offer him a high pay.)He will be offered a high pay.将会给他高报酬。被动语态的时态 Note：双宾语及物动词变被动语态时可用间接宾语做主语，也可用直接宾语做主语（注意介词的使用）。?They will offer him a high pay.A high pay will be offered to him.He will be offered a high pay.将会给他

5、高报酬。现在进行时：(They are taking good care of the child.)The child is being taken good care of.那孩子正在受到精心照料。被动语态的时态 Note：“动词+名词+介词”构成的成语结构 变被动语态时可用句子宾语做主语，也可用该成语结构中的名词做主语。?They are taking good care of the child.The child is being taken good care of.Good care is being taken of the child.那孩子正在受到精心照料。现在完成时：(S

6、he has made the boy work long.)The boy has been made to work long.那男孩已被迫工作很长时间了。被动语态的时态 过去完成时：(They had operated on him twice since then.)He had been operated on twice since then.我的车停在我家附近。被动语态的时态 Note：接不带to的不定式短语做宾语补足语的动词，如：see,hear,observe,notice,make,have 等，若变为被动语态，不定式前通常要加 to，否则是错误的。?The soldier

7、 heard someone enter the house.someone was heard to enter the house.听得见有人走进了房子。Note：带情态动词的句子变为被动语态时，情态动词一般不变而是将其后的动词变为被动式。?She could smell something burning in the next room.Something could be smelt burning in the next room.闻得出隔壁房间里有什么东西着火了。被动语态多用于书面语体，口语中不常用。使用被动语态通常出于下列原因：被动语态-被动语态的使用（1）当叙述的中心是行为的

8、对象而不是行为者时：Meat should always be kept cool.肉应该总是保存在低温下。被动语态的使用（2）当不知道、不容易指出、或不必要指出行为者时：His car was stolen last night.他的车子昨天夜里被窃了。被动语态的使用（3）当要强调行为者时（此时用 by 短语）：The book was written by a college student.这本书是一个大学生写的。被动语态的使用 将下列各句变为被动语态将下列各句变为被动语态:1.You have never heard of such things before,have you？Suc

9、h things have never been heard of before,have they？2.You must hand in all the test papers before the bell.All the test papers must be handed in before the bell.被动语态-练习题 ved should v had done should have done Part3:虚拟语气-语气概述 1、陈述语气-陈述事实，用于陈述句、疑问句。Everyone is careful.人人都小心。2、祈使语气-表示命令、请求等，用于祈使句。动词原形开头

10、的句子。Be careful,everyone!大家小心些。语气概述-种类 3、虚拟语气-表示并非事实的假设、主观愿望。She demanded that everyone be careful.她要求人人要小心。She wishes that everyone were careful.她真希望人人都能小心。语气概述-种类 虚拟语气分为两种：be型和were型。虚拟语气-种类 这种虚拟语气无人称、数和时间之别，一律用动词原形；多见于美国英语；英国英语中则主要用于正式文体（非正式文体中常用should+动词原形代替）。should可以省略。主要用于下列情况：虚拟语气-be型虚拟语气 1、宾语从

11、句中：当主句谓语动词为command，suggest，demand，insist，order，require等表示要求、建议等时（可用should+动词原形代替；参见第十七章第四节“宾语从句”）。He ordered that they(should)stay where they were.他命令他们呆在原地。be型虚拟语气 2、表语从句中：当主句主语为command,suggestion,demand,order 等（与1中动词同词根）以及idea,plan 等时（可用should+动词原形代替；参见第十七章第三节“表语从句”）。His order was that they(should

12、)stay where they were.他的命令是他们呆在原地。be型虚拟语气 3、同位语从句中：当其前为command,suggestion,demand,order 等（与1中动词同词根）以及idea 等时（可用should+动词原形代替；参见第十七章第五节“同位语从句”）。They received the order that they(should)stay where they were.他们得到命令让他们呆在原地。be型虚拟语气 4、主语从句中：主句It is.中含command,suggest,demand,order,require 等动词的过去分词或better,nec

13、essary,important 等形容词时（参见第十七章第二节“主语从句”）be型虚拟语气 e.g.It was ordered that they(should)stay where they were.命令他们呆在原地。It is necessary that they(should)stay where they were.他们有必要呆在原地。在主语从句中，主句 It is.中含interesting,natural,normal,possible,strange,surprising 等形容词和 pity shame,(no)surprise 等名词用以表示惊讶、惋惜、遗憾等语义时，

14、其后的主语从句中用should+动词原形（参见第十七章第二节“主语从句”），不可用be型虚拟语气。It is strange that they should stay where they were.很奇怪，他们竟然呆在原地。Note:Note:此时，若无惊讶、惋惜、遗憾等语义仅指事实，主语从句中也可用陈述语气。It is strange that they stay where they are.很奇怪，他们呆在原地。这种虚拟语气表示并非事实的假设和主观愿望，多用于正式文件,现代日常英语中已经很少用。动词be用were(但越来越被陈述语气形式was所取代，仅If I were you 中必

15、须用were)，其他动词用其各种过去时形式。主要用于下列情况：虚拟语气-were型虚拟语气 1、在虚拟条件句中：(1)表示与现在事实相反的假设:从句：were或其他动词的一般过去时、过去进行时;主句：should/would(或情态动词would/could/might)+动词原形。were型虚拟语气 e.g.If you knew everything,you would not be so angry with him.你如果了解全部情况，就不会这么生他的气了。If he were still staying here,he might see all this.他如果现在还呆在这里，也许

16、就会看见这一切。1、在虚拟条件句中：(2)表示与过去事实相反的假设:从句:过去完成时;主句:should/would(或情态动词would/could/might)+have+动词的过去分词。were型虚拟语气 e.g.If I had known his number,I might have telephoned him yesterday.我要是知道他的号码，昨天也许就给他打电话了。1、在虚拟条件句中：(3)表示将来不大可能实现的假设：从句:were或其他动词的一般过去时、were/was/to+动词原形；主句:should/would(或情态动词would/could/might)+动

17、词原形。were型虚拟语气 e.g.If he had enough money next year,he might go abroad soon.他明年要是有足够的钱，也许马上就出国。If the sun stopped shining some day,living things couldnt live.如果太阳有朝一日不再照耀，生物就无法生存了。If he were to hear you talking,he would think you were mad.他要是听见你说，就会认为你是疯了。1、在虚拟条件句中：(4)如果if从句的谓语动词为were、had或含有were、had时

18、，if可省去，而将were或had挪至句首，形成倒装句。试与上面例句对比:were型虚拟语气 e.g.Were he still staying here,he might see all this.Had I known his number,I might have telephoned him yesterday.Had they enough money,they might go abroad soon.Were he to hear you talking,he would think you were mad.1、在虚拟条件句中：(5)虚拟的条件有时不用if从句而是由某些介词短语

19、或通过上下文表示。were型虚拟语气 e.g.I caught her by the hand Otherwise she would have fallen into the sea.我抓住了她们的手，要不她就掉进海里去了。She would have failed without your advice.没有你的忠告他就失败了。But for the safety-belt,I wouldnt be alive today.要不是那条安全带，我今天就不会活着了。You could have done better in my place.你要是处在我和位置可能比我干得好。2、在表示祈愿的动

20、词 wish后：The boy wishes he had wings.那男孩真希望有翅膀。How she wishes she hadnt left home!她真希望她没有离开家。were型虚拟语气 3、在表示祈愿的if only 后：If only I knew how to do it.我要是知道如何做这件事该多好啊。If only they hadnt made such a mistake.他们要是没有犯这样一个错误该多好啊。were型虚拟语气 4、在as if,as though 引导的从句中（此时也可用陈述语气）：She acts as though she knew ever

21、ybody there.她那样子就好像她认识这里的每一个人似的。He talked about the moon as though he had been there.他讲起月亮来就好像他去过似的。were型虚拟语气 5、在It s time 结构后：It s high time you left home for work.你真该离家去上班了。were型虚拟语气 6、在d rather后：We d rather you lived far away from us.我们宁愿你住得离我们远远的。We d rather we hadnt been there before.我们宁愿以前没有去过

22、那里。were型虚拟语气 虚拟语气-练习题 If I knew some German,I would be able to understand his speech.If he were in good health,I would let him do the work.If we hadnt worked hard in the fields all day,we wouldnt have gone to bed at nine.If I hadnt had a bad cold yesterday evening,I would have reviewed my lessons.综合检测试题 综合检测试题 56 Part4：课堂内容总结及作业布置 课后综合能力训练练习题的完成 完成学习群的课后练习题。?当做考试题目，不看答案自觉完成