国际金融课件Chapter-7-International-Monetary-System.ppt
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1、Chapter 7 第一节 国际货币体系概述国际货币体系的涵义国际间进行各种交易支付所采用的一系列和;以及各国货币关系的一套和。The channels of interdependence depend,in turn,on the that countries adopted-a set of institutions called the international monetary system.1Arrangement Categories国际收支及其调节汇率决定及其变动国际货币或储备资产的数量和形式国际金融市场与资本流动国际货币合作的形式与机构Objects and Functio
2、ns requires the full employmentfull employment of a country resources and domestic price domestic price level stabilitylevel stability.is attained when a countrys current account is neither so deeply in deficit deficit nor so strongly in surplus.surplus.2Types of International Types of International
3、 monetary systemmonetary system1.汇率制度 exchange rate system (1)Fixed exchange rate system (2)Adjustable Peg (3)Crawling Peg (4)Managed Float (5)Floating exchange rate system2.货币本位 monetary standard(reserve asset)(1)Commodity Standard(Gold Standard)(2)Credit Standard(inconvertible paper money)(3)Mixed
4、 Standard(gold exchange standard)3The Gold Standard(1)第二节 国际金本位制度的形成及其特点:The gold standard had its origin in the use of gold coins as a of exchange,of account,and of value.The gold standard as a legal institution dates from,when the British Parliament passed the Resumption Act-exchanging currency no
5、tes for gold on demand at a fixed rate.4The Gold Standard(2)Later in the nineteenth century,and other countries also adopted the gold standard.The effectively joined the gold standard in when it pegged to gold the paper“greenbacks”issued during the Civil War.The U.S.Gold Standard Act of institutiona
6、lized the dollar-gold link.5国际金本位制的:1.由于各国汇率由含金量确定,汇率波动受黄金输送点限制,各国间。2.国际收支失衡的调节通过“”自动调节,。3.由于没有外汇管制,有利于商品和资本在国际间自由流动,和配置。4.对偏好依赖“通货膨胀”的政府。因为受到(1)该国货币用黄金存量的限制;(2)物价和现金流动机制会使货币供应和物价水平恢复平衡6The theory was recognized by the David Hume,the Scottish philosopher,in 1752.Suppose that Britains current account
7、 surplus is greater than its non-reserve capital account deficit.The balance must be matched by flows of gold into Britain.These gold flows automatically reduce foreign money supplies and swell Britains money supply,pushing foreign prices downward and British price upward.7The simultaneous rise in B
8、ritish prices and fall in foreign pricesa real appreciation of the pound,given the fixed exchange ratereduces foreign demand for British goods and services and at the same time increases British demand for foreign goods and services.These demand shifts work in the direction of reducing Britains curr
9、ent account surplus and reducing the foreign account deficit.Eventually,reserve movements stop and both countries reach balance of payments equilibrium.8金本位制的:1.世界黄金存量的工业用金,货币用金和贮藏用金。(发行纸币的黄金准备)2.没有国际监督机构,各国政府不遵守“”,顺差国不愿减少顺差,而。3.黄金作为货币发行准备的。挖掘,窖藏,运输,和看守的机会成本太高。9The reactions of central banks to gold
10、 flows across their borders furnished to help restore balance of payment equilibrium.Central banks that were persistently losing gold were motivated to contract their domestic asset holding,pushing domestic interest rates upward and attracting inflows of capital from abroad.Central banks gaining gol
11、d had much weaker incentives to eliminate their own imports of the metals.The main incentive was the greater profitability of interest-bearing domestic assets compared with“barren”gold.10The practices of in the face of a deficit and buying domestic assets in the face of a surplus.This terminology is
12、 coined by Keynes.Because such measures speeded the movement of all countries toward their external balance goals,they increased the efficiency of the automatic adjustment processes inherent in the gold standard.The incentives to obey the rules applied with greater force to than to surplus countries
13、.11国际金本位制的演变1922年在意大利热那亚城的世界货币会议决定采用“”的原则。美国;英国和法国;其他国家(发展中国家)。形成一种不受单一货币统治的货币体系。1国内不流通金币;2银行券在下才能兑换黄金。1国内不流通金币;2国内的银行券只能购买外汇,用外汇在国外兑换黄金;3该国(殖民地)货币与另一个金(块)本位制国家(宗主国)的货币实行固定汇率,并将外汇和黄金储存在宗主国。12Collapse of Gold Standard-1金汇兑本位制的削弱了黄金的自动调节作用。世界经济危机中各国纷纷放弃货币与黄金的联系。美国爆发货币信用危机,停止美元兑换黄金;提高了黄金的官价。德国放弃了金汇兑本位制
14、。英国停止黄金的兑换。法国,比利时,荷兰,意大利,波兰,瑞士等六国黄金集团瓦解。13Collapse of Gold Standard-2Last rescue:1936.9英,美,法达成三国货币协定:维持汇率;不进行竞争性货币贬值。1936.10又签定三国黄金协定。Failure of further efforts:由于法国的黄金受投机冲击而外流,1937.6法国放弃金本位制。第二次世界大战的战争准备。西方国家从美国购买军事物资,引起黄金流失。14The Bretton Woods System-I布雷顿森林体系的建立背景1.国际稳定基金方案2.存款原则3.设立国际货币稳定基金,资金总额为
15、50亿美元,由成员国用黄金和本币等交纳。1.国际清算联盟计划2.透支原则3.设立世界性中央银行,由该行发行Bancor作为清算单位,Bancor等于黄金,各国可以用黄金换Bancor,但反过来则不行。15The Bretton Woods System-II4.认缴分额=本国GNP,黄金外汇储备,国际收支差额。根据各国缴纳份额的多少决定各国的投票权。5.发行Unita的国际货币。作为计算单位,含金量为137 1/7格令。相当于10美元。6.稳定汇率。各国规定本币与Unita之间法定平价。不经基金同意,不能变动。4.承担分额=三年进出口贸易额平均。不缴纳黄金和现款,只是开设往来帐户。顺差时将盈余
16、存入帐户;逆差时可以申请透资。透资总额为300亿美元。5.发行Bancor作为清算单位,Bancor等于黄金。6.顺差国和逆差国共同负担调节国际收支不平衡。强调汇率弹性。16Common Grounds between White and Keynes1.都强调解决。2.都只看重;忽视发展中国家。3.探求;防止竞争性货币贬值。英国被迫放弃计划而接受美国的。1944年发表了专家关于建立国际货币基金的联合声明,同年7月在美国新罕布什尔州的布雷顿森林召开了有44国参加的“联合和联盟国家国际货币基金会议”。17What is the Bretton Woods System?(1):国际货币基金组织协
17、定和国际复兴开发银行协定建立起一个的国际货币体系。宗旨:1.建立一个永久性的以促进国际货币合作。2.促进,防止竞争性货币贬值,建立多边支付制度,促进国际贸易和生产资源开发。3.向成员国,以减轻和调节国际收支不平衡。18What is the Bretton Woods System?(2)In July 1944,representatives of 44 countries meeting in Bretton Woods,New Hampshire,drafted and signed the Articles of Agreement of the.Even as the war con
18、tinued,statement in the Allied countries were looking ahead to the economic needs of the postwar world.The system set up by the Bretton Woods agreement called for and an unvarying dollar price of gold-$35 an ounce.Member countries held their official international reserves largely in the form of gol
19、d or dollar assets and had the right to sell dollars to the Fed for gold at the official price.19Main Content of the Bretton Woods System布雷顿森林体系的主要内容:1.以,以作为最主要的国际。(双挂钩)2.实行制度。(各国货币与美元的汇率只能在平价上下1%的幅度内波动。3.IMF给成员国提供辅助性的储备供应来源。成员国缴纳的25%的黄金和75%本币。在需要时,。4.成员国,不得采取歧视性货币措施,要实行多边支付。5.“”,成员国有权对稀缺货币采取临时兑换限制,
20、但从未实施过。20More about Bretton Woods System:1二次大战前后的的:的金汇兑本位制的金汇兑本位制1.英镑区+美元区+法郎区2.允许居民兑换黄金3.没有国际机构维持国际货币秩序1.美元+黄金2.只允许外国政府向美国兑换黄金3.有IMF来保证国际货币体系运转21More about Bretton Woods System:2二次大战前后的的:1.各成员国都要规定货币的平价金平价2.各成员国汇率变动幅度1%黄金输送点3.各成员国的国际储备是黄金+可兑换货币外汇储备4.各成员国要使货币可兑换,对经常项目不能管制自由贸易+自由兑换22More about Bretto
21、n Woods System:3布雷顿森林体系的:1.解决了世界黄金产量不足,美元的增加发行,。2.汇率稳定和有弹性,投资和信贷的发展。3.IMF的各种短,中期贷款和融资使。4.成员国。在国际收支根本不平衡时可以更改汇率。5.为各成员国提供了相互磋商协调的讲坛。23布雷顿森林体系的:1.“双挂钩”“Triffin Dilemma”早在50年代美国耶鲁大学教授提出。美元无法按固定比价维持同黄金的可兑换性。美元的增加发行必然引起人们对美元可兑换性的怀疑。固定汇率的多边性和1%幅度比较僵化。顺差国不愿货币升值或膨胀经济。迫使逆差国接受有条件的贷款来融通国际收支逆差。该条件是紧缩国内经济。24世界黄金
22、3/4集中到美国1948 Marshall Plan1958EEC:美国短期债务210.3亿黄金储备178亿1961 Basel Agreement国际清算银行的8国中央银行1961.10Gold Pool稳定金价$30.2/ounce1961.11借款总安排$60亿美元巴黎俱乐部1962.3互惠借款协定3债务黄金美国黄金储备流失14亿美元关闭伦敦黄金市场解散黄金总库实行黄金双价制(官民分开)短期外债678亿黄金储备110亿1971.8.15尼克松“新经济政策”停止黄金兑换;征10%进口附加税Smithsonian Agreement布雷顿森林体系崩溃25 262728In 1976,IMF
23、members agreed to the creation of the,an artificial reserve asset similar to the IMF currency Triffin had envisioned.SDRs are used in transactions,but their creation had relatively on the functioning of the international monetary system.Their impact was limited partly because by the late 1960s,the s
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