高一高二英语语法.doc
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1、高一英语语法 一直接引语和间接引语 (一)直接引述别人的原话,叫做直接引语;用自己话 转述别人的话, 叫做间接引语。 间接引语一般构成宾语从句。 直接引语必须放在引号内,间接引语则不用引号。直接引语 改为间接引语时,除将引语部分变成宾语从句外,还必须对 直接引语中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语 等进行改变。 1时态的变化:直接引语变为间接引语时,通常受转 述动词said, asked等的影响而使用过去化的时态,即把原 来的时态向过去推,也就是一般现在时变为一般过去时,现 在进行时变为过去进行时,等等。例如: Tom said to me,“My brother is doing h
2、is homework” Tom said to me that his brother was doing his homework 2人称代词、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等等的 变化:根据意义进行相应的变化,例如: She asked Jack,“Where have you been?” She asked Jack where he had been He said,“These books are mine” He said that those books were his (二)直接引语改为间接引语时,都使用陈述语序,但 是因为原句的句式不同,所以变成间接引语时所用的连词会 有
3、所不同。直接引语如果是一般疑问句,用连接词whether 或if;如果是特殊疑问句,则用疑问词引导间接引语。转述 的动词一般用asked,可以在其后加上一个间接宾语me, him, her, us等。如: She said,“Is your father at home?” She asked me if/whether my father was at home “What do you do every Sunday?”My friend asked me My friend asked me what I did every Sunday 直接引语如果是祈使句,改为间接引语时,要将祈使句
4、 的动词原形变为带to的不定式,并在不定式的前面根据原句 的语气(即请求或命令)加上ask, tell, order等动词, 如果祈使句为否定式,则在不定式前加not。其句型为:ask / tell / order someone (not) to do something例如: She said to us,“Please sit down” She asked us to sit down He said to him,“Go away!” He ordered him to go away He said, “Dont make so much noise, boys” He told
5、the boys not to make so much noise 二各种时态的被动语态 被动语态概述 被动语态的概念:它是动词的一种形式,表示主语与谓 语之间的执行或被执行关系。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作 的执行者,例如:They saw the little boy crying by the river被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者,例如:The little boy was seen crying by the river 被动语态的构成 被动语态的形式是由“助动词be动词的过去分词”构 成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数、时态等的不同而变化。 几种常见时态的被动语态形式如下: 1
6、一般现在时 am/is/are 过去分词 例如:Rice is planted in the south of China 2一般过去时 was/were 过去分词 例如: These trees were planted the year before last 3一般将来时 will/shall be 过去分词 例如:A sports meeting will be held next week in our school 4现在进行时 am/is/are being 过去分词 例如:Your radio is being repaired now 5过去进行时 was/were bein
7、g 过去分词 When he got there, the problem was being discussed 6现在完成时 have/has been 过去分词 His work has been finished Has his work been finished? Yes, it has / No, it hasnt 7过去完成时 had been 过去分词 注意: 1除了be之外的其它系动词如get, stay等也可以和 过去分词构成被动语态。 例如: Their questions havent got answered 2含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态使用“情态动词 be 过
8、去分词”结构。例如: More attention should be paid to the old in this country This work cant be done until Mr Black comes 3含有“be going to”, “be to”等结构的谓语,其被 动语态分别用“be going to be 过去分词”和“be to be 过去分词”。例如: The problem is going to be discussed at the next meeting All these books are to be taken to the library 4
9、被动语态与系表结构的区别:“连系动词用作表语 的过去分词”构成的系表结构,与被动语态的形式完全一样, 所以应注意它们的区别。被动语态中的过去分词是动词,多 强调动作;系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词,多强调状 态。前者通常可用by 引出动作的执行者,而后者则不可以。 例如: The map was changed by someone(被动结构) That custom remained unchanged for many centuries(系表结构) 系表结构中的过去分词通常可被very修饰,被动语态中 的过去分词往往要用much修饰。 例如: He was very excited(系
10、表结构) He was much excited by her words(被动结构) 5主动形式表被动意义。有些动词的主动形式有被动 意味, 如 open, read, sell, shut, wash, wear, write 等。此时句子的主语一般是物。例如: These books sell well这些书很畅销。 The door wont shut这门关不上。 The clothes wash well这些衣服很好洗。 语法练习 1 No permission has _ for anybody to enter the building A been given B given
11、C to give D be giving 2 I _ ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer A gave B was given C was giving D had given 3 The police found that the house _ and a lot of things _ A has broken into; has been stolen B had broken into; had been stolen C has been broken into; stolen D had been br
12、oken into; stolen 4 Have you moved into the new house? Not yet, the rooms _ A are being painted B are painting C are painted D are being painting 5 As we joined the big crowd I got _ from my friends A separated B spared C lost D missed 6 Cleaning women in big cities usually get _ by the hour A pay B
13、 paying C paid D to pay 7 Great changes _ in the city, and a lot of factories _ A have been taken place, have been set up B have taken place, have been set up C have taken place, have set up D were taken place, were set up 8 The suits finished, _ it? A doesnt B isnt C hasnt D has 9 The surface of th
14、e table _ smooth enough A doesnt feel B hasnt felt C isnt feeling D isnt felt 10 Such plants never _ in this part of the world A have grown B are growing C grow D are grown 11 These kinds of shoes _ well A were not sold B wont be sold C are not sold D dont sell 12 Text books _ to come in time A requ
15、ire B required C are required D are requiring 13 When the speaker entered the hall, all the listeners _ A had seated B were seated C seated D were seating 14 Dont get that ink on your shirt, for it _ A wont wash out B wont be washing C isnt washing out D doesnt wash out 15 Tom _ to work in the offic
16、e though he didnt like serving there A wanted B was wanted C was wanting D had wanted 16 He said he wouldnt mind _ at home A leaving alone B being left alone C to be left lonely D to leave alone 17 Tom was said to _ Mary for 40 years A have been married to B have married with C has been married D ha
17、d married with 18 The TV play _ last night A was tired out me B tired out me C was tired me out D tired me out 19 I remember _ for the job, but I forget the exact amount A to be paid B being paid C to pay D paying 20 In front of the hall color flags were _ A hunged B hanged C hang D hanging 语法练习答案:
18、110: ABDAA CBBAC 1120: DCBAB BADBD 高二上学期英语语法总结高二上学期英语语法总结 1不定式被动态的一般形式的内涵及用法。不定式被动态的一般形式的内涵及用法。 2用作主语、定语、宾语和状语的不定式的四种功用作主语、定语、宾语和状语的不定式的四种功 能的用法。能的用法。 当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示动作的承受当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示动作的承受 者时,不定式一般用被动形式。不定式被动形式在句者时,不定式一般用被动形式。不定式被动形式在句 中可作主语、表语、状语、补语等。如:中可作主语、表语、状语、补语等。如:To be obeyed was natura
19、l to her她生性让别人听命于她。她生性让别人听命于她。(作主作主 语语)The problem remained to be solved 这个问题还有 这个问题还有 待解决。待解决。(作表语作表语)It needs not to be said that they are very happy together 不必说他们在一起非常幸福。不必说他们在一起非常幸福。 (作作 宾语宾语)There were plans to be made at once要立即制要立即制 定计划。定计划。 (作定语作定语)He has returned only to be sent away again
20、他回来以后又被打发走了。他回来以后又被打发走了。(作状语作状语)The captain ordered the flag to be hoisted 船长命令升旗。船长命令升旗。(作宾语补足语作宾语补足语)The book is intended to be read and not to be torn这书是供人阅读的而不这书是供人阅读的而不 是供人撕毁的。是供人撕毁的。(作主语补足语作主语补足语) 在某些句子中, 不定式虽表被动, 但仍用主动形式。在某些句子中, 不定式虽表被动, 但仍用主动形式。 如:如:What is to pay?要付多少钱?要付多少钱? The reason is
21、not far to seek 道理很浅显。 道理很浅显。 He gave me some books to read他给了我一些书读。他给了我一些书读。 We found the report easy to understand我们发现这我们发现这 些报告很容易懂。些报告很容易懂。 由于不定式有名词、形容词和副词的特点,所以它在由于不定式有名词、形容词和副词的特点,所以它在 句中可做主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语、状语、句中可做主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语、状语、 补语等。但由于时间关系补语等。但由于时间关系 1)作主语。如:作主语。如: To see is to believe眼见为实
22、。眼见为实。 To serve the people is our duty为人民服务是我们的为人民服务是我们的 职责。职责。 在日常英语中,常用在日常英语中,常用 it 作为语法上的主语,即形式主作为语法上的主语,即形式主 语,而将真正的主语放在后面。语,而将真正的主语放在后面。 It is our duty to serve the people为人民服务是我们为人民服务是我们 的的职责。职责。 2)作宾语。如:作宾语。如:I couldnt afford to buy a new car我我 买不起汽车。买不起汽车。 Have you decided to marry him?你决定嫁给
23、他吗?你决定嫁给他吗? 有些动词常常跟不定式作宾语,它们是:有些动词常常跟不定式作宾语,它们是:want,wish, hate,prefer,hope,continue,manage,try,ask, offer, start, forget, remember, begin, decide, agree, choose,learn,pretend,promise,mean,expect, desire 等。等。 另外,在一些复合宾语中,常用另外,在一些复合宾语中,常用 it 代表不定式作为形代表不定式作为形 式宾语,而将真正的宾语不定式放在后面。如:式宾语,而将真正的宾语不定式放在后面。如:
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