《硕士博士毕业论文写作教程》课件Chapter 12 Abstract and Acknowledgements.ppt
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1、Week 12 Abstract and AcknowledgementsZHENCONG LIUContentsAbstractAcknowledgementsLead in(1)What do you think the abstract may include?(2)How many types of abstract do you know?(3)What are the features for a good abstract?(4)W h a t s h o u l d b e i n c l u d e d i n acknowledgements?(5)What are the
2、 common sentence structures for acknowledges?AbstractsAn abstract is“a brief summary An abstract is“a brief summary which condenses in itself the which condenses in itself the argument and all the essential argument and all the essential information of a paper”(Taylor,information of a paper”(Taylor,
3、2007).2007).Importance of AbstractsAlmost the first part for readers to readAs an overall signpost for the readerBut it is written after after the research has been completed,after the thesis has been completed.An abstract competes for attention in An abstract competes for attention in a global ocea
4、n of literatureits a global ocean of literatureits worth spending some quality time on worth spending some quality time on writing it.writing it.Important featuresAn abstract allows the reader to survey the contents of a document quickly and decide whether to continue reading.It needs to be dense wi
5、th information but also readable,well-organized,brief,and self-contained.Length of AbstractsAbstracts are generally 100-250 words,though a thesis or conference abstract may be up to 400 words.“SAEF”AbstractStartStart by clearly stating the topic being addressed and indicating its importance.AvoidAvo
6、id over-reaching claims of significance and also being too narrow.ElaborateElaborate on the opening by explaining the specifics of your study:what have you done,how,and what did you discover?FinishFinish by stating your conclusions and why they are significant?The abstract is critical for reviewers-
7、make it interesting!Good AbstractThe quality of an abstract will strongly influence the editors and reviewersUse the abstract to“sellsell”your article.A good abstract:Is precise and honest Can stand alone Use no technical jargon Is brief and specific Cites no referencesQualities of a Good Abstract A
8、ble to stand alone.Uses keywords.Uses one or more well developed,unified,coherent and concise paragraphs.Uses an introduction/body/conclusion structure presenting the purpose,results,conclusions,and recommendations in that order.Follows strictly the chronology of the article,paper,or report.Provides
9、 logical connections between the information included.Does not include unnecessary details.Adds no new information,but simply summarizes the report.Is understandable to a wide audience.Adheres closely to the length given.Often uses passive verbs to downplay the author and emphasize the information.P
10、rinciples of Abstracts avoid repetition.are limited to one paragraph of about 120-250 words.can stand alone.use the third person.use the passive voice.are highly signposted.What Goes into an Abstract?What Goes into an Abstract?What Goes into an Abstract?What Goes into an Abstract?Components The purp
11、ose of the study introduces the reason,the origin,the importance and significance of the study in question,including the premise,purpose and tasks and scope of the research.Research methods present the methods or techniques of the research,including the model,theory,conditions,objects,materials,tech
12、nology,structure,means,equipment,procedures,data collection and analysis,etc.Results report the results of the study,including data,identified relationship,observation results,effectiveness and performance achieved.Conclusions and recommendations comment on the main contribution or value ofthe resea
13、rch paper.It includes an analysis,comparison,evaluation of the research results,new issues raised,further studies of the future,assumptions,inspirations,recommendations and forecasts.Types of Abstracts (1)Indicative Abstracts (2)Informative Abstracts (3)Informative-indicative Abstracts (4)Structured
14、 AbstractsIndicative Abstracts Also known as descriptive abstracts or introductory abstracts,indicative abstracts mainly introduce the point of view or research purposes of the paper rather than the research methods,findings and conclusions.Requirements:tell readers what information the report,artic
15、le,tell readers what information the report,article,or paper contains.or paper contains.include the purpose,methods,and scope of the include the purpose,methods,and scope of the report,article,or paper.report,article,or paper.do not provide results,conclusions,or do not provide results,conclusions,o
16、r recommendations.recommendations.are always short,usually under are always short,usually under 50 words50 words.introduce the subject to readers,introduce the subject to readers,Informative AbstractsInformative abstracts outline the scope and content of the paper,including research purposes,methods
17、,results and conclusions.It is suitable for experimental studies and the word limit is in general between 100150 words.Requirements:communicate specific information from the report,article,communicate specific information from the report,article,or paper.or paper.include the purpose,methods,and scop
18、e of the report,include the purpose,methods,and scope of the report,article,or paper.article,or paper.provide the report,article,or papers results,provide the report,article,or papers results,conclusions,and recommendations.conclusions,and recommendations.are shortfrom a paragraph to a page or two,d
19、epending are shortfrom a paragraph to a page or two,depending upon the length of the original work being abstracted.upon the length of the original work being abstracted.Usually informative abstracts are Usually informative abstracts are 10%10%or less of the length or less of the length of the origi
20、nal pieceof the original pieceInformative-indicative Abstracts Informative-indicative abstracts have the characteristics of both informative and indicative abstracts.They are relatively longer than indicative abstracts,but shorter than informative abstracts,generally between 50100 words.Structured A
21、bstracts Structured abstracts mark the Aim,Methods,Results and Conclusion headings with eye-catching font(bold,uppercase or italics)for the reader.Contents:AimAim introduces the purpose of the paper and the introduces the purpose of the paper and the problems to be solved.problems to be solved.Metho
22、dsMethods describe research methods,including the describe research methods,including the processes,technical means or methods,equipment,etc.processes,technical means or methods,equipment,etc.ResultsResults report on the experimental data,research report on the experimental data,research results,the
23、 relationship,the theoretical results and results,the relationship,the theoretical results and observed phenomena.observed phenomena.ConclusionsConclusions are drawn based on the results obtained,are drawn based on the results obtained,mainly on the significance of the research.mainly on the signifi
24、cance of the research.Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages Advantages DisadvantagesDisadvantages Readability.Readability.equivalent to the equivalent to the outline of the paper,outline of the paper,w h i c h h e l p s t h e w h i c h h e l p s t h e author to write the author to write the first
25、draft.first draft.c o n d u c i v e t o c o n d u c i v e t o editingediting Their separate Their separate subheadings undermine subheadings undermine t h e c o h e r e n c e t h e c o h e r e n c e between the various between the various parts.parts.Example of a structured abstract Surviving and th
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