新人教版七年级历史下册第三单元课件全套明清时期：统一多民族国家的巩固与发展.pptx

1、,人教版 七年级下册历史优质课件（RJ）,用心整理 精心汇编,明清时期：统一多民族国家的巩固与发展,第三单元,第14课 明朝的统治,背景： 时间： 人物： 都城：,一、明朝的建立,元朝末年，政治十分腐败，各级官吏竭力搜刮民财，导致社会动荡，民不聊生。,朱元璋（明太祖）,1368年,应天府（今江苏南京）,1.明朝建立,1368年秋，明军攻占元大都，结束了元朝的统治。,2.元朝灭亡,相关史事：,朱元璋出身贫苦，17岁时父母双亡，他被迫到寺院里当了和尚，不久以行童游食于淮西一带。后来他参加了反元起义军，由于英勇善战和足智多谋，被推为领袖。他采取“高筑墙，广积粮，缓称王”的策略，逐步发展壮大，最终统一

2、全国。,朱元璋像,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成

3、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成

4、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,明朝疆域图（1433年）,小琉球：今台湾。 奴儿干都司：管辖范围包括今黑龙江、乌苏里江、松花江流域等地和库页岛，治所在今黑龙江下游右岸的特林。,二、朱元璋强化皇权,（1）在地方，朱元璋取消行中书省，设立“三司”。朱元璋分封诸子为王，驻守各地，监控地方，巩固皇室。,1.强化皇权的措施：,（2）在中央，朱元璋废除丞相制度和中书省，提升六部职权，并使六部直接向皇帝负责。将大都督府分为五军都督府以分散兵权，将军队调动和武官任命的权力统归兵部。 （3）朱元璋设立锦衣卫

5、，明成祖成立东厂，“厂卫”机构成为皇帝的耳目和爪牙。,地方和中央的各个部门，既互不统属，又互相牵制，各自直接向皇帝负责，这样就使皇权高度集中，君主专制大为加强。,2.意义：,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成

6、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成

7、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,皇权的加强，在一定时期、一定程度上巩固了明王朝的统治，创造了比较安定的政治局面，加强了多民族国家的统一，但也给明朝的统治埋下了隐患。明朝是君主专制空前强化的一个时期，而君主专制的强化又是中国封建社会逐步走向衰落在政治上的表现。,如何评价明太祖加强皇权的举动？,思考探究：,三、科举考试的变化,1.内容：,明

8、朝提倡尊孔崇儒。明朝考试的题目必须来自“四书”“五经”；考生对题目的解释，必须以朱熹的四书集注为标准，不准自己随意发挥。,2.文体：,答卷由八个部分组成，其中后四个部分为主体，每部分要有两股对仗的文字，因此称为“八股文”。,3.局限性：,八股文内容空疏，形式呆板，又脱离实际，禁锢思想。应试的人为了能够被录取，只有死读“四书”“五经”，成为皇帝旨意的顺从者。,四、经济的发展,农业：,明代引进了原产于南美洲的玉米、甘薯、马铃薯、花生和向日葵等。,北京和南京是全国性的商贸城市，还出现了数十座较大的商业城市。有名的商帮有山西的晋商和安徽的徽商。,商业：,手工业：,苏州是明代的丝织业中心，景德镇是全国的

9、制瓷中心。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,

10、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,

11、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,朱元璋,1368年称帝建立明朝,强化皇权,取消行中书省，设立“三司”,分封诸子，监控地方,废除丞相制度和中书省,提升六部职权，直接向皇帝负责,分散兵权,设立“厂卫”机构监视官民,科举考试变化,考题来自“四书”“五经”,“八股文”,经济的发展,农业：引进南美洲农作物,手工业：苏州为丝织业中心；景德镇为制瓷中心,商业：全国性商贸城市有北京和南京，商帮有晋商和徽商,课堂小结,地方,中央,1.（江苏泰州）如图是某朝代政府的改制图，据 此判断该朝代是（ ）。,A.秦朝 B.

12、西汉 C.唐朝 D.明朝,D,随堂练习,2.（2018湖南邵阳中考）将分封制、 郡县制、厂卫制、科举制等中国 古代政治制度按产生的时间先后顺序排 列，正确的是（ ） A. B. C. D. ,A,第15课 明朝的对外关系,一、郑和下西洋,15世纪初，明朝经济逐步繁荣，国力雄厚，成为当时世界上的强国。,1.背景：,明成祖,2.第一次下西洋时的在位皇帝：,为了提高明朝在国外的地位和威望，“示中国富强”，同时也用中国的货物去换取海外的奇珍。,3.目的：,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元

13、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元

14、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,4.概况：,14051433

15、年,七次,亚洲和非洲的30多个国家和地区,刘家港,非洲东海岸和红海沿岸,丝绸、瓷器、茶叶、漆器、金银货币等,珠宝、香料和药材等特产,相关人物：,郑和，原姓马，回族，云南人。12岁丧父，在流离中被明军掳去，送进皇宫当了太监。后来跟随燕王朱棣，屡建战功。朱棣称帝，是为明成祖。明成祖十分器重他，提拔他为内宫太监，并赐姓郑。1431年，明朝第五位皇帝明宣宗钦封郑和为“三宝太监”。,郑和像,郑和宝船（模型）,郑和的远航，时间之长，规模之大，堪称世界航海史上的空前壮举，不仅增进了中国与亚非国家和地区的相互了解和友好往来，而且开创了西太平洋与印度洋之间的亚非海上交通网，为人类的航海事业作出了伟大贡献。,5.

16、历史意义：,15世纪初，明朝经济逐步繁荣，国力雄厚，成为当时世界上的强国。 明朝统治者的支持。 政治的稳定。 合适的人选郑和具备出使西洋的条件。 科技的进步已有罗盘针、航海图。 造船技术的提高有经得起风浪的大海船。,郑和成功下西洋的条件有哪些？,思考探究：,二、戚继光抗倭,元末明初，日本的一些武士和奸商，组成海盗武装集团，到中国东南沿海地区进行走私贸易和抢劫，被时人称为“倭寇”。,1.“倭寇”：,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才

17、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才

18、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,明朝中期，随着日本国内社会动荡加剧，特别是由于明朝国力减弱，海防松懈，倭寇与中国

19、海盗、奸商等相互勾结，对中国沿海的武装抢劫日益猖獗。所到之处，他们杀居民，劫财货，无恶不作，沿海各地遭到重大破坏，时称“倭患”。,2.戚继光抗倭的历史背景：,3.抗倭经过：,明王朝派年轻将领戚继光到东南沿海抗倭。 戚继光组建了一支纪律严明、能征善战的“戚家军”。 在台州九战九捷，平定了浙东地区的倭患。 此后，戚继光又率军进入福建、广东地区，与其他抗倭将领带领广大军民先后消灭了两地的倭寇，使东南沿海的倭患基本解除。,4.评价：,戚继光领导的抗倭战争是一场反侵略的战争，他是我国历史上一位伟大的民族英雄。,戚继光像,这是一场反侵略的正义战争，符合人民的利益。 戚家军纪律严明，英勇善战。 人民群众的大

20、力支持及其他爱国军民的配合作战，体现了一种同仇敌忾的民族向心力。 戚继光卓越的军事韬略和指挥才能。,戚继光抗倭取得胜利的原因有哪些？,思考探究：,三、葡萄牙攫取在澳门的居住权,从16世纪开始，一些欧洲殖民者，相继来到我国沿海地区，进行侵略活动。,1.背景：,1553年，葡萄牙殖民地攫取了在我国广东澳门的居住权。,2.概况：,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路

21、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路

22、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,明朝的对外关系,交往,1.目的：提高_在国外的地位和威望；用中国的货物换取海外的奇珍。,2.从_年到_年，郑和率船队_次下“西洋”,冲突,1.1561年，

23、_九战九捷，平定了浙东地区的倭患。与其他抗倭将领消灭了福建、广东地区的倭寇。,2.抗倭战争是一场_的战争，戚继光是我国历史上一位伟大的_。,1405,七,明朝,台州,反侵略,民族英雄,1433,前期 国力强盛,中后期 国力衰微,葡萄牙攫取在澳门的居住权,课堂小结,郑和 下西洋,戚继光 抗倭,随堂练习,（2018山东德州）“万众一心兮，群山可撼；惟忠与义兮，气冲斗牛上报天子兮，下救黔首；杀尽倭奴兮，觅个封侯！”这首豪迈雄壮的凯歌的作者应是（ ） A.岳飞 B.郑成功 C.戚继光 D.康熙帝,1.,C,（2018江苏连云港中考）史载，郑和船队在占城时，“其买卖交易，使用七成淡金或银。中国青瓷盘碗等

24、品甚爱之，则将淡金换易”。这反映了郑和下西洋（ ） A.加强了经济交流 B.发展了航海技术 C.树立了明朝国威 D.促进了政治交往,2.,A,第16课 明朝的科技、建筑与文学,一、科技名著,（1）明朝社会生产力的发展，商品经济的繁荣，促进了科学技术的发展。 （2）一些科学家积极投入科学技术的研究、实验和总结，写出一批优秀的科技巨著。,1.明朝科技发展的原因,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,

25、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,

26、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,明代杰出的医药学家。他在行医的同时，到各地进行实地调查，向人们请教。广泛采集药物标本，掌握了大量的第一手资料。经过27年

27、持续不断的努力，编写出本草纲目。,2.李时珍与本草纲目,李时珍像,（1）李时珍,内容：本草纲目全书约190万字，共记载了药物1800多种，收录药方11000多个，还附有1100多幅药物形态图。书中对药物进行新的分类，详细介绍了它们的产地、形色、气味及其主要疗效。 地位：总结了我国古代药物学成就，丰富了我国医药学宝库，在世界医药史上占有重要地位。,（2）本草纲目,他自幼勤奋好学，知识面十分宽广。公务闲暇时就专心研究科学技术，整理各地的农业和手工业生产技术和经验。他经过长期的积累和不懈的探究，编写了天工开物一书。,3.宋应星与天工开物,宋应星像,（1）宋应星,内容：天工开物把各生产部门分为18类，

28、几乎涵盖了当时中国农业和手工业的所有生产、加工部门。作者在书中还绘有120多幅直观生动的插图，描绘了生产过程和各行业劳动人民的形象。 地位：对我国古代的农业和手工业生产技术进行了全面的总结，记述了中国在当时世界上具有先进水平的科学技术，被誉为“中国17世纪的工艺百科全书”。,（2）天工开物,明代科学家。他为中西科技文化交流作出了重要贡献，著有农政全书。,4.徐光启与农政全书,徐光启像,（1）徐光启,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成

29、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成

30、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,内容：全书60卷，约70万字，分为农本、田制、农事、水利、农器、树艺、蚕桑、种

31、植、牧养、制造、荒政等大类。 地位：全面总结了我国古代农业生产的先进经验、技术革新和作者关于农学的创新研究成果，是明代末年一部重要的农业科学巨著。,（2）农政全书,二、明长城和北京城,为了防御北方蒙古贵族南扰,1.明长城,（1）修筑长城的目的,明朝先后18次修筑长城，形成了东起鸭绿江边、西至嘉峪关，总长万余里的明长城。,（2）明长城范围,明长城示意图,明代长城以城墙为主体，由关隘、城台、烽火台等组成，沿线设立卫所，驻守军队，开展屯田，进行生产，并修建了相连的道路，形成一个完整的军事防御体系。明长城多用砖石砌成，十分坚固。,（3）明长城的修筑,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元

32、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元

33、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元

34、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,在长城修筑史上，明代修筑长城的规模最大，历时最久，布局更合理，技术更先进，设施更为完善，工程质量更为优异。我们今天所看到的长城，主要是明代修筑的。,（4）明长城的地位,长城处于北方游牧地区与农耕地区的连接线上，在它附近的多民族聚集的地区，建立了许多农牧贸易场所，使长城同时成为各民族交往的纽带。,（5）明长城的作用,2.北京城,明成祖时（14061420年）,（1）修建时间,元大都,（2）修建的基础,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路

35、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路

36、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,北京城由宫

37、城、皇城、内城和外城组成。 整个北京城平面呈“凸”字形，由一条中轴线纵贯南北，从宫城到外城都以这条中轴线对称展开，均衡布局，形成了完整而和谐的巨大建筑群。 北京城的建筑，以宫殿为重点，并建有其他建筑和各种民生设施。,（3）北京城的布局特点,明朝北京城平面图,明皇都积胜图（局部）,紫禁城位于北京城的中心，是北京城最为雄伟壮丽的建筑，建筑总面积16万余平方米，有各类殿宇等近9000间，是当时世界上最宏大、最辉煌的皇家建筑群。,（4）紫禁城,明紫禁城平面图,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,

38、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,

39、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,三、小说和艺术,明朝时候

40、，文学艺术的发展与市民文化结合起来，小说、戏曲等大众化的文学艺术形式有了突出的发展，尤其是小说创作，在明代处于黄金时期，在中国古代文学发展史上占有重要地位。,1.小说,（1）概况,著作及作者：三国志通俗演义 罗贯中 成书时间：元末明初 内容：以三国的史实为基础，充分运用文学手段，生动地描写了魏、蜀、吴三国之间政治、军事和相互交往上的各种矛盾冲突，也反映了人们群众要求统一的强烈愿望。 地位：我国章回体小说的开山之作，也是我国最为流行的长篇历史小说之一。,（2）明代小说成就,著作及作者：水浒传 施耐庵 成书时间：元末明初 内容：以官逼民反为主题，揭示了从皇帝到各级贪官污吏的丑恶嘴脸，描写了宋代梁山

41、泊各路好汉反抗官府压迫的武装斗争，通过生动、曲折的故事情节，塑造了一批个性鲜明的英雄形象。 地位：运用白话描写故事进程和人物性格，洗练明快，生动传神。是一部优秀的长篇小说。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成

42、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成

43、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,著作及作者：西游记 吴承恩 成书时间：明代中期 内容：描写唐僧师徒四人取经的艰难历程，突出刻画了胆大艺高、爱憎分明、满怀智慧的孙悟空这一神话英雄。 地位：一部富于浪漫主义色彩的神话小说。,（3）特点,规模宏大，结构严整，情节曲折，想象丰富，语言生动，广为流传，家喻户晓。,（4）影响,对以后的小说、戏剧等文

44、学艺术创作产生了深远的影响。,2.书画艺术,概况：明朝时期，书画艺术继续发展，出现了书法名家董其昌、绘画名家徐渭等。,3.戏剧,明朝时期，戏剧表演成为城乡人民重要的文化活动。不少剧作家创作了许多优秀的作品。,（1）概况,作者：明朝后期最负盛名的戏剧家汤显祖。 内容：通过杜丽娘和柳梦梅神奇的爱情故事，有力地批判了吃人的封建礼教。,（2）牡丹亭,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元

45、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元

46、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,明朝的科技、建筑与文学,科技名著,李时珍本草纲目,宋应星天工开物,徐光启农政全书,建筑,明长城：东起鸭绿江边、西至嘉峪关,北京城：紫禁城

47、是当时世界上最宏大、最辉煌的皇家建筑群,小说和艺术,三国志通俗演义水浒传西游记,书画艺术：董其昌，徐渭等,课堂小结,汤显祖牡丹亭,1.（2018湖南衡阳）2015年，中国科学家屠呦呦因 创制新型抗疟药青蒿素荣获诺贝尔生理学或医 学奖。在我国历史上，明朝也曾有人历时27年编成 了我国古代药物学的总结性著作，它是（ ） A.黄帝内经 B.伤寒杂病论 C.千金方 D.本草纲目,D,随堂练习,2.（广东珠海）万里长城自秦始皇修建后，许多 朝代不断整修，明朝又大规模修筑，达到完善 的地步。明长城的起止点是（ ） A.东起山海关，西至嘉峪关 B.东起鸭绿江边，西至嘉峪关 C.西起玉门关，东到山海关 D.西

48、起临洮，东到辽东,B,第17课 明朝的灭亡,一、政治腐败与社会动荡,1.政治腐败的表现,皇帝沉迷享乐，疏于朝政； 皇室内部钩心斗角，纷争不已； 大臣结党营私，争权夺利。,相关史事：,明武宗将政事交给宦官刘瑾处理，自己在宫中纵情享乐，还四出游玩，甚至公开抢掠民女。明熹宗爱好木工，成年累月像木匠一样制作木器，朝政全都交给宦官魏忠贤。于是，魏忠贤权倾朝野，人称“九千岁”。,2.社会动荡,官吏贪赃枉法，对民众百般盘剥； 皇室贵族、宦官、官僚、地主等疯狂土地兼并，大量农民流离失所。,二、李自成起义推翻明朝,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状

49、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,