高考英语语法非谓语动词复习讲练课件.ppt
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1、2022-12-71高考英语语法非谓语动词复习讲练【基本概念基本概念】对英语动词的基本认识对英语动词的基本认识:英语中动词的语法作用同汉语区别很大。动词除了在句子中充当谓语之外,还常以非谓语的形式充当其他的句子成分。按照动词是否充当谓语,我们可以把动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词两类。每一类动词所包含的主要语法知识如下。2022-12-72非谓语动词是指不充当谓语而做其他句子成分的动词,凡是用作非谓语的动词在形式上都要有所变化,以区别于谓语动词。时态(按高考要求共九个时态)谓语动词 语态(主动语态和被动语态)语气(陈述语气和虚拟语气)主谓一致动词 动词不定式 非谓语动词 分词。(现在分词和过去分词
2、)动名词2022-12-73非谓语动词(一)非谓语动词(一)不定式不定式【基本概念基本概念】不定式是动词的非谓语形式之一,具有名词、形容词、副词的性质,在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。使用不定式时,大多数情况下要带有不定式的符号“to”,少数情况不用“to”。2022-12-741.不定式做主语不定式做主语。不定式做主语时,使用两种形式:直接将不定式放在句首.To learn a skill will do a lot good to you in the future;通常使用it作形式主语。而将做主语的不定式 放在句子的后面。I think it would be
3、 a good idea to have comments from secretaries and typists who are already using it.How long will it take you to complete the trip?2022-12-752.不定式做宾语不定式做宾语。I have decided to take a lot of cabbage in vinegar.Agriculture first started about 10,000years ago,when people began to grow crops in the river
4、valleys of the Nile in Egypt,in the Middle East and in India.2022-12-76在下例动词后须带不定式作宾语 Afford,agree,care,demand,determine,expect,fail,long(渴望)appear,seem,hope,happen,choose,prepare,promise,plan,decide,pretend,refuse,manage,arrange,offer,sware,wish,attempt,aim,prove,hesitate,desire,should(would)like,l
5、ove,like,2022-12-77动词ask,tell,show,know,decide,teach,learn,discuss,find out等后要接疑问词+不定式作宾语 I dont know whether to answer the letter.Marx gave us some advice on how to learn a foreign language.Have you dicussed when to start the project2022-12-78不定式做宾语时也有使用形式宾语的问题,但必须同时具备两个条件:有宾语补足语。宾语是动词不定式短语或宾语从句。Th
6、e dusty air makes it difficult to get a clear picture of space.We consider it a waste of time and money to go on with the project Do you think it possible to finish the work in time 以上句子中,it为形式宾语;2022-12-793.不定式做表语不定式做表语It has been proved that the way to produce the most food is to let farmers grow
7、crops either to feed their family or to sell.A better method is to take waste far out to sea in ships where the wind and waves break it down.不定式作表语常用在系动词后,表示做某事 通常主语是不定式,表语也用不定式 To see is to believe2022-12-7104.不定式做定语不定式做定语 but it is thought that 500 million people in the world do not have enough to
8、 eat,which is about one in ten.Farmers have the right to sell their crops to the EU.不定式做定语常用在名词后面,一般用主动形式;如果句意明确动作由别人完成,则用被动式:“Do you have anything to be washed,Sir?”asked the maid.2022-12-7115.不定式做状语不定式做状语A lot of irrigated land has become too salty to grow plants.本句中的to grow plants是has become too
9、salty的结果状语。Various things can be done to increase the food supply in the world.to increase the food supply in the world是目的状语。2022-12-712不定式表示目的极为常见。有时为了强调目的,可以用in order to或so as to;有时将不定式短语置于句首也是表示目的常见用法。Cook went up and down the river in order to chart all the dangerous rock.The lion looked at her
10、as she swung the pork in her hand so as to attract the lions attention.2022-12-713To become a top gymnast,it is important to start when very young.To do that,it must find a place where it can keep fairly warm;and it must be a place where its enemy cannot find it.only to do 是不定式做结果状语的典型用法,这种“结果”往往是预想
11、不到的。Yesterday I went to see him only to find he had been away on business.He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.2022-12-7146.不定式做宾语补足语不定式做宾语补足语不定式做宾语补足语时有两种情况:绝大多数做宾语补足语的不定式用带to的动词不定式;动词see,hear,watch,feel,notice,observe,have,make,let后做宾语补足语的不定式主动语态时必须用不带to的不定式;改为被动语态又必须用to。What s
12、tores do you want me to order?But Cook ordered the crews to throw over the side of the ship guns,iron balls,pots and chains and even stores to raise the boat in the water.2022-12-715 And I advise you not to eat fruit that isnt ripe in future.I read about you in the newspaper and decided to come and
13、hear you play.下面的例子,试题的意图便是考查不带to的不定式变为被动语态时的用法。John was made _ the truck for a week as a punishment.A.to wash B.washing C.wash D.to be washing 答案为A。2022-12-716【相关知识及其运用相关知识及其运用】1.不定式的进行式不定式的进行式 当谓语所表示的动作或状态发生时,不定式所表示的动作正在进行,这时要用不定式的进行式。They are said to be building another bridge across the Changjia
14、ng River.He pretended to be doing his homework carefully when his mother came in.2022-12-7172.不定式的完成式不定式的完成式同其他非谓语形式一样,不定式的完成式表示不定式的动作先于谓语动作。Im sorry to have done that,I didnt mean to be so rude.Between 1850 and 1910 the bison population is thought to have fallen from 60 million to just a few hundre
15、d.2022-12-7183.不定式的被动式不定式的被动式当不定式的逻辑主语同不定式具有逻辑动宾关系时,不定式要用被动式。But some people dont want good farmland to be built on.good farmland是句子的宾语,又是不定式to be built on 的逻辑主语,同时它们又具有逻辑动宾关系,不定式必须用被动式。2022-12-719He has asked to be introduced to the pianist.不定式短语to be introduced to the pianist的逻辑主语是句子的主语he,同时he同int
16、roduce又有逻辑上的动宾关系,因此用被动式。不定式的被动式是个比较复杂的问题。尤其是当不定式同形容词配合使用时很容易造成理解上的困难。2022-12-720下列句子中的不定式通常不用被动式。The question is difficult to answer.The shirt is too small to wear.I find English easy to learn.、两句中的不定式短语都可以加入逻辑主语,如for me一类,句中不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。2022-12-7214.不定式与疑问词连用不定式与疑问词连用不定式与疑问词连用,其作用相当于一个名词性从句,可充当句
17、子的主语、宾语和表语。Im not sure whether to go to the one about accidents.How to get rid of waste is a great problem for the world today.The problem is how to feed a growing world population of over 6 billion.As soon as the reporters know what to write about,they get down to work.2022-12-7225.不定式做定语时的有关问题不定式做
18、定语时的有关问题 不定式做定语时可以分为两类:不定式所修饰的名词是不定式的逻辑主语。China is the first countries in the world to study the science of farming.不定式短语修饰the first countries,同时the first countries又是to study the sciences of farming的逻辑主语。2022-12-723不定式同他所修饰的名词具有逻辑动宾关系,如果不能确立动宾关系或不定式为不及物动词,必须使用适当的介词。Years of hard work,very little foo
19、d,only a small room to live in and never a moments rest.She had little money to live on.I really dont know what topic to write about.(to write about what topic)Would you please give me a pen to write with?(to write with a pen)2022-12-724 不定式做定语时,被动的概念应给予格外重视。通常的情况是不定式动作的执行者就在句子中。如上述三个句子为例,to live on
20、的执行者是she;to write about 的执行者是I;to write with的执行者则是me。因此,以上三句中的不定式都用主动式。在句子中没有不定式动作执行者的情况下,不定式所修饰的名词即为不定式的逻辑主语。如果不定式同它的逻辑主语为动宾关系,则用不定式的被动式。The action to be taken is correct.2022-12-725下列试题的意图便是考查这个问题。-Have you got anything _ there?-No,I will go there myself.Thank you just the same.A.to be taken B.bee
21、n taken C.taken D.to take 句子的主语you不是take 的逻辑主语。根据句子的意思,take的逻辑主语应该是说话者自己,因此必须用被动式的被动式。答案为A。2022-12-726 在 there be句型中,不定式做定语极为常见,但使用不定式的一般式和被动式意义不同。不定式的一般式表示“会有人去做”,通常可根据上下文在不定式前加一个逻辑主语。There are plenty of interesting places(for you)to visit.There was nowhere(for anybody)to hide.Here is a game to pla
22、y.2022-12-727 如果使用不定式的被动式,则表示说话人着重强调不定式所修饰的名词,不考虑不定式所代表的动作由谁做,且整个句子往往含有情态意义。There is nothing to be gained by pretending.=Nothing can be gained by pretending.There is a lot of work to be done.=A lot of work has to be done.2022-12-7286.不定式的逻辑主语问题不定式的逻辑主语问题 不定式的逻辑主语表示不定式动作的执行者,通常由介词for加名词、名词性词组或宾格代词构成,
23、置于不定式符号to之前。Lincoln said that it was not right for the South to break away from the Union.It was easy for them to carry a guitar on their travel.2022-12-729在“It is+形容词”结构的句子中,不定式的逻辑主语可能用介词for,也可能用介词of。当这个形容词同不定式的逻辑主语能构成逻辑上的主表关系时,介词用of,否则就用for。Is is very kind of you to give me so much help.=You are v
24、ery kind to give me so much help.(不定式的逻辑主语you可以同形容词kind构成逻辑上的主表关系,介词用of)It is important for us to learn English well.不定式的逻辑主语us不能同important构成逻辑上的主表关系,因此用for。2022-12-730非谓语动词(二)非谓语动词(二)分词 分词分现在分词和过去分词两类,具有形容词和副词的语法功能,在句子中可以充当表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。例1:The news that the Chinese team won the gold medal was very
25、 encouraging.句中的现在分词encouraging充当句子的表语。2022-12-731例2:The people performing all play different instrument.,Polluted rivers and lakes have also been a cause of death.现在分词performing作后置定语,修饰the people;过去分词polluted作定语修饰rivers and lakes。例3:So he left France,preferring to give up the fortune that would one
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