高考英语(译林)大一轮复习课件：语法专题突破-专题一-名词和冠词-.pptx

1、语法专题突破语法专题突破 专题一名词和冠词专题一名词和冠词核心考点-3-高考感悟考点归纳.单句语法填空1.(2018全国卷)Unexpectedly,Im face-to-face with the gorilla,who begins screaming at the top of her lungs.2.(2018全国卷)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over the past 25 years,while rice has increased only 7 percent.3.(2018全国卷)Two of the autho

2、rs of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes(cause).4.(2018浙江卷)Making Chinese dishes(dish)is seen as especially troublesome.5.(2017全国卷)This trend has had some unintended

3、side effects(effect)such as overweight and heart disease.核心考点-4-高考感悟考点归纳6.(2017全国卷)As a result,people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.7.(2016全国卷)Recent studies(study)show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.8.(2016全国卷)Give your bo

4、dy and brain a rest by stepping outside for a while,exercising,or doing something you enjoy.核心考点-5-高考感悟考点归纳.单句改错1.(2018全国卷)When I was little,Fridays night was our family game night.FridaysFriday2.(2018全国卷)During my last winter holiday,I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents.在co

5、untryside前加the3.(2018全国卷)Last winter when I went there again,they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.chickenchickens核心考点-6-高考感悟考点归纳考点一考点一 名词的数名词的数一、可数名词的复数1.规则变化核心考点-7-高考感悟考点归纳核心考点-8-高考感悟考点归纳注意以-o结尾的下列名词要加-es,它们是:英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿,即heroes,echoes,potatoes,tomatoes。但下列以-o结尾的名词既可以加-es,也可以加

6、-s,它们是:mosquitos(mosquitoes)蚊子,volcanos(volcanoes)火山。以-f或-fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe去掉,加-ves。它们是:为了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上,把狼劈成两半,即selves,lives,thieves,wives,knives,leaves,shelves,wolves,halves。但有的以-f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加-ves,也可以直接加-s。如:handkerchiefs(handkerchieves)手帕。名词前有man或woman修饰,变复数时,做定语的man或woman和后面的名词都要变成复数。

7、如:woman doctorwomen doctors。核心考点-9-高考感悟考点归纳2.不规则变化(1)常见单复数同形的名词Chinese中国人;means方式;works工厂;sheep绵羊;deer鹿;series系列;fish鱼;fruit水果等。其中 fish,fruit表示种类时,可加复数词尾,即fishes,fruits。(2)自身有特殊变化的名词child孩子childrenman男人menfoot脚,英尺feettooth牙齿teethmedium传播媒介mediamouse老鼠micephenomenon现象phenomena核心考点-10-高考感悟考点归纳3.有些名词通常

8、只用复数。如:glasses眼镜,clothes衣服,goods货物,trousers裤子,belongings所有物,wages工资,riches财富,surroundings环境,ashes灰尘,compasses圆规,cattle牛,congratulations祝贺有些固定搭配中的名词通常用复数。如:have words with sb.同某人吵架,in high spirits 情绪高昂,give ones regards to sb.向某人问候,in rags衣衫褴褛,have good manners 有礼貌核心考点-11-高考感悟考点归纳二、不可数名词1.常见的不可数名词:fu

9、n,advice,weather,progress,information,bread,butter,baggage,clothing,equipment,furniture,homework,juice,luggage,luck,music,milk,meat,practice,rubber,rice,soup,wealth,health,wood,English,America 等。Wealth starts with a goal and saving a dollar at a time.财富始于一个目标,要一美元一美元地积攒。2.有些名词既可以用作可数名词,也可以用作不可数名词,但意

10、义不同。work当表示“工作”时为不可数名词,但当表示“作品;著作”时则为可数名词。glass“玻璃”(不可数),“杯子”(可数);room“空间”(不可数),“房间”(可数);experience“经验”(不可数),“经历”(可数);paper“纸”(不可数),“报纸、文件、试卷”(可数)。核心考点-12-高考感悟考点归纳考点二考点二 名词的所有格名词的所有格名词的所有格表示所属关系,它分-s所有格和of所有格两种形式。1.-s所有格(1)多用来表示有生命的东西。Many students eyesight is getting poorer and poorer.(2)用and连接的并列名

11、词的所有格要分两种情况,即表示各自的所有关系时,要分别在并列名词后加-s或;表示共同的所有关系时,只在最后一个名词后加-s或。Toms and Jims rooms(各自的房间)Tom and Jims room(共同的房间)核心考点-13-高考感悟考点归纳(3)表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时,名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。at the barbersat the teachers2.of所有格表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所属关系;名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。From the top of the hill,you can get a birds vie

12、w of the city.3.双重所有格指名词所有格或名词性物主代词同of构成的所有格,即“of+名词所有格”。a play of Shakespearesa friend of my wifes核心考点-14-高考感悟考点归纳考点三考点三 不定冠词不定冠词a/an的用法的用法不定冠词表示泛指,一般修饰可数名词单数。a用于以辅音音素开头的单词前,an用于以元音音素开头的单词前。如:a pen 一支笔;an old man 一位老人一、不定冠词的基本用法1.用在首次提到的人或物的可数名词单数前面,泛指某(一)个人或某(一)个事物。The“Chinese Dream”is a dream to

13、improve peoples well-being and a dream of harmony,peace and development.“中国梦”是一个改善民生的梦,一个和谐、和平、发展之梦。2.表示“一”,相当于one。Ill return in a day or two.核心考点-15-高考感悟考点归纳3.表示“每”,相当于per,常用于表示时间、重量、长度等单位前。We have three meals a day.4.表示“同一性”,常构成“of+a/an+名词”形式,相当于the same。The children are of an age.5.表示类指,意为“某类”。He

14、 wants to be a doctor.6.后面接人名可以表示“一个叫的人”,或是其作品。A Mr.Smith is asking to see you.7.与抽象名词连用,可以表示“一场、一次、一件”。a success一件成功的事/一个成功的人;a pity一件遗憾的事;an honour一个引以为荣的人/一件引以为荣的事8.与物质名词连用,表示“一种、一阵、一份”。What a heavy rain!核心考点-16-高考感悟考点归纳9.序数词前使用冠词的情况。“the+序数词”表示排序;“a/an+序数词”不表示排序,而表示“又一;再一”。Mr.Li has decided to b

15、uy a second car.I have failed twice,but Ill try a third time.10.比较级和最高级前冠词的选择。“a/an+比较级”表示“(众多人或事物中)比更的一个”,属于泛指;“the+比较级”表示“两者中较的一个”。“the+最高级”表示三者或三者以上的人或事物中“最的一个”;“a most+形容词”表示“一个很/非常”,此时后面没有比较范围,most只表示“很,非常”。Tom is the older of the two boys.The first unit is a most difficult part but not the mos

16、t difficult.核心考点-17-高考感悟考点归纳二、常用含不定冠词的固定搭配all of a sudden突然as a matter of fact事实上once a week每星期一次at a loss不知所措,茫然be on a visit参观,拜访be/go on a diet节食give sb.a lift让某人搭便车have a gift for.在方面有天赋have a good time玩得开心have a word with.与谈话in a hurry匆忙地in a way从某种意义上说核心考点-18-高考感悟考点归纳make a living谋生take a walk

17、散步take an interest in.对感兴趣take/have a rest休息一会儿核心考点-19-高考感悟考点归纳考点四考点四 定冠词定冠词the一、定冠词的基本用法1.特指上文提到过的、特定的人或事物,或双方都明确的人或事物。I have a car.The car is red.Pass me the book,please.2.表示某一类人或物。The bike is a useful means of transportation.3.用于世上独一无二的事物名词前。the universe;the moon;the Pacific Ocean4.用于乐器前。play the

18、 violin;play the piano核心考点-20-高考感悟考点归纳5.表示“一家人”或“夫妇”。Could you tell me the way to the Greens,please?Sorry,we dont have a Green here in the village.6.用于表示国家、党派等以及江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛等名词前。the United States;the Communist Party of China7.用于表示发明物的单数名词前。The compass was invented in China.8.在逢十的复数数词之前,指某世纪的某个年代。in

19、 the 1990s(在20世纪90年代)9.用于表示度量单位的名词前。I hired the car by the hour.(对比I hired the car by time.)核心考点-21-高考感悟考点归纳10.用于形容词或分词前表示一类人。the rich;the living;the wounded11.用于方位名词、身体部位名词前。The sun rises in the east.hit sb.on the head12.用于普通名词转化而来的专有名词前。the Great Wall;the West Lake核心考点-22-高考感悟考点归纳13.与比较级和最高级连用。(1)

20、“the+比较级,the+比较级”表示“越越”。The more,the better.(2)表示两者间“较的一个”,比较级前加the。Who is the taller of the two boys?(3)三者或三者以上相比较,表示最高程度时,用“the+最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。Mary is the tallest child in her family.核心考点-23-高考感悟考点归纳二、常用定冠词的固定搭配at the moment此刻,目前at the same time同时by the way顺便说一下on the spot当场make the

21、 best/most of.充分利用in the distance在远处in the end最终in the habit of有的习惯the other day前几天on the one hand.,on the other hand.一方面,另一方面to the point中肯,切题核心考点-24-高考感悟考点归纳考点五考点五 零冠词零冠词一、零冠词的基本用法1.专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词表示一般概念时,其前不用冠词。Beijing is the capital of China.Kindness is virtue.Snow dissolves into water.核心考点-25-高考

22、感悟考点归纳2.表示季节、月份、星期、节假日、棋类、球类、学科、一日三餐、语言、运动等的名词前一般不加冠词。Spring is the best season of the year.I have been studying in this college since July,2018.We have a seven-day holiday on National Holiday.Tom enjoys playing chess.The boys like playing football after class.They can choose other subjects like Art

23、 and Computer Science.Do you have breakfast at home or at school?核心考点-26-高考感悟考点归纳3.称呼语、自己的家庭成员及表示头衔、职务的名词做表语、补足语及同位语时,一般不加冠词,但用作主语或宾语时要用冠词。Sam has been appointed manager of the engineering department to take the place of George.Im captain of the class team at school.4.当by与表示交通工具的名词连用表示方式时,名词前不用冠词。Id

24、 rather travel by bus than airplane.核心考点-27-高考感悟考点归纳二、常用零冠词的固定搭配in fact事实上 for example例如in danger在危险中with pleasure高兴地in time及时in fear恐惧地at work在上班at dinner在吃饭after school放学后at first起初at last最终by hand手工做的pay attention to注意set fire to放火take pride in以为豪take care of照顾take office就职take part in参加in town在城

25、里keep.in mind牢记in trouble处在麻烦中on foot步行leave word留言on time按时核心考点-28-高考感悟考点归纳catch sight of看见 do harm to对有害lose weight减肥随堂巩固-29-.单句语法填空1.The illegal hunting of Tibet antelope used to be a serious problem in the 1990s.2.Simmons and her husband grabbed two boards and paddled down the human chain until

26、she reached the swimmers(swimmer).She rescued them one by one.3.Under the direction of these philosophical theories(theory),this kung fu style gains good effects in the boxing and sword skills.4.Chinas silk was introduced into western countries(country)through this old trade route.5.The east side of

27、 their stems grows faster during the day,causing the stems to gradually bend from east to west.随堂巩固-30-6.John Dewey,an American psychologist,once said that gaining others respect is the deepest urge in human nature.7.A hundred years ago,explorers(explorer)at that time were taking a tremendous risk i

28、n approaching the cold wonderland on the southernmost tip of the planet.8.In fact,figuring out who will get the bill is always a headache for the Chinese at formal meals.9.As Chinese economy develops very fast and plays an important role in the world,more and more foreigners learn Mandarin in Confuc

29、ius Institutes.10.Chinese people are becoming richer and more international.What has not changed is their stomachs(stomach).随堂巩固-31-.单句改错1.She has taught us a lot of English knowledges and how to be a good citizen.knowledgesknowledge2.First of all,China has made a great progress in the social and ec

30、onomic development in the past decades,and people have more time and energy to enjoy their life.去掉a随堂巩固-32-3.It was useful experience for all of us,which Ill never forget for the rest of my life,and which Ill always treasure.useful前加a4.From this lesson,we came to conclusion that it was not so diffic

31、ult to learn English if we could find a good way.conclusion前加 a5.I hope my advices can help you improve your health.advicesadvice随堂巩固-33-.语篇填空Villages in developing countries often lack many things:books,clean water,electricity.These shortages are easy to see.But 1.a different kind of shortage is no

32、t easy to see.That is 2.the shortage of experts.Many villages have no doctors,engineers or scientists.They have no one who knows how to treat unusual medical 3.problems(problem)or design a new expert system.There is a way to ease 4.the problems.They can do it with puters(computer).In 6.the past few

33、years,computer scientists around the world have developed what they call“expert systems”.随堂巩固-34-An expert system is a special kind of computer program.In some situations,it can take 7.the place of 8.a human expert.For example,an expert in the medical system can help to take care of a sick person.Af

34、ter asking a few 9.questions(question)of the patient,it can tell what medicine or other 10.treatment(treat)is needed.dsfdbsy384y982ythb3oibt4oy39y409705923y09y53b2lkboi2y58wy0ehtoibwoify98wy049ywh4b3oiut89u983yf9ivh98y98sv98hv98ys9f698y9v698yv98x98tb98fyd98gyd98h98ds98nt98d8genklgb4klebtlkb5k tkeirh

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