高考英语一轮复习(北京专用)课件：专题八-冠词和代词-.pptx

1、栏目索引专题八 冠词和代词栏目索引命题规律趋势探究考点内容冠词冠词的基本用法和固定搭配代词不定代词、人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、疑问代词的用法及短语搭配考纲解读考纲解读命题规律趋势探究命题规律趋势探究栏目索引命题规律趋势探究北京近三年高考中没有直接对冠词和代词的考查题目,但是在题干中涉及了冠词和代词的内容。命题规律命题规律考频分析考频分析冠词代词1星1星命题趋势命题趋势未来北京高考英语将更加注重在情景化的题干中直接或间接考查冠词和代词的用法。突破方法突破方法1.在备考过程中从整体上掌握代词的用法,特别是不定代词的用法。2.在备考过程中理解并掌握冠词的基本用法和固定搭配,注意冠词的活

2、用和习惯用法。栏目索引考点知识全面总结冠词考点知识全面总结考点知识全面总结栏目索引考点知识全面总结代词 栏目索引考点知识全面总结考点一冠词考点一冠词一、冠词的泛指和特指一、冠词的泛指和特指泛指是指首次提到的、不限定的人或事物。特指是指在上文已提到的人或事物,也可以是指说话双方心目中所默认的特定的人或事物。冠词的泛指、特指用法归纳如下:a/an:A(One)horseis enough.()a/an:A horseis a large fourleggedanimal.()the:Ithinkthe most useful animal isthehorse.():Horsesare usefu

3、l anim单数名词。如表数量单数名词。如强调类别中任何一个的特点泛指单数名词。如强调整个类别零冠词复数名词或不可数名词。如als.():the/强调类别中的许多个体特指单数名词 复数名词 不可数名词。栏目索引考点知识全面总结 冠词填空:Laszlo Biro invented theball-point pen.The biggest whale isthe blue whale,which grows to be about 29 me-ters longthe height ofa9-story building.二、不定冠词的用法二、不定冠词的用法1.不定冠词有a,an两种形式,当紧跟

4、着冠词的第一个音素为辅音音素(注意:不是辅音字母)时用a;当紧跟着冠词的第一个音素为元音音素(注意:不是元音字母)时用an。如:a university,a useful animal,a one-eyed dog,a European car,an hour,an honest boy,an X-ray machine,an ugly man,an honor等。栏目索引考点知识全面总结 冠词填空:I earn 10 dollars anhour asasupermarket cashier on Satur-days.The teacher asked us to writean800-w

5、ord-long composition.2.表示one,the same或every的意思。如:They are of an age.(=the same)他们年龄相同。I will return in a day or two.(=one)我将在一两天内回来。栏目索引考点知识全面总结3.不定冠词的常见搭配have a cold得了感冒have a good time玩得高兴have a gift for有的天赋have a word with与谈话at a blow一下子have/take a rest休息一下have a holiday度假make a living谋生get a lif

6、t/ride搭便车go on a diet节食as a result因此as a matter of fact事实上as a rule通常,照例after a while一会儿后in a hurry匆忙地in a sense在某种意义上in a word总之in a moment立刻once in a while偶尔at a loss困惑,不知所措at a distance保持一定距离for a while暂时,一时栏目索引考点知识全面总结once upon a time从前all of a sudden突然a waste of.的浪费 a matter of.一个的问题What a pity

7、!真遗憾!with a score of以的分数have a population of有人口have a history of有的历史 have an area of有的面积 a collection of一批 a knowledge of(=know)知道 an understanding of(=understand)懂得栏目索引考点知识全面总结三、定冠词的用法三、定冠词的用法1.定冠词用在名词前表示特指。2.用在姓氏复数前,表示一家人或夫妇二人。如:The Greens are at table.格林夫妇在吃饭。The Chens are going to move to Langfa

8、ng.姓陈的一家要搬到廊坊去。3.用在表度量单位的名词前,构成“by+the+表度量单位名词”的结构。如:by the hour/day/week/month/year/dozen/yard/ton/kilo,但是size/weight/time这类名词跟by连用时不用冠词。如:We get paid by the month.我们按月计酬。Meat is sold by weight.肉按重量出售。栏目索引考点知识全面总结 冠词填空:The diet is measured in calories,while the food is sold bythepound.Its said John

9、 will be in a job paying over$60,000ayear.Right,he will also get paid bytheweek.4.“the+形容词或分词”有时也可表示一类人。如:the wounded 伤员 the dying垂死之人the unknown未知的事物 the deaf聋子the young年轻人 the old老人the living 生者 the dead死者栏目索引考点知识全面总结5.“动词+sb.+介词+the+身体某一部位”结构中的the不可用形容词性物主代词代替。如:take sb.by the arm抓某人的胳膊An apple f

10、ell from the tree and hit him on the head.一个苹果从树上落下,砸在他的头上。此外,在be red in the face(脸红),be lame in the right leg(右腿瘸),be blind in the left eye(左眼瞎)等结构中,名词前也要用the。6.用在某些固定结构中。如:in the end最后,终于in the daytime在白天get into/in the habit of养成习惯make the most/best of充分利用in the distance在远处in the way挡路栏目索引考点知识全面总

11、结on the whole总之on the right/left在右/左边at the same time同时at the moment此刻for the time being暂时in the public eye广为人知的go to the doctors去看医生by the way顺便提一下,附带问一句the other day(=a few days ago)几天前on the radio/phone通过广播/在打电话on the spot在场,到场,立即,马上,当场to tell(you)the truth说实话,老实说go to the cinema/theatre去看电影/去看戏n

12、ot in the least(=not at all)一点儿也不栏目索引考点知识全面总结on(the)one hand.,on the other hand一方面,另外一方面the more,less,etc.,the more,less,etc.(用于表示两个事物按照同一程度变化)越越,愈愈四、零冠词的用法四、零冠词的用法1.不可数名词、复数名词表泛指,用零冠词。如:Father went to his doctor for advice about his heart trouble.父亲去了医生那里寻求关于他的心脏病的建议。Dogs can hear much better than

13、humans.狗的听觉比人类灵敏得多。2.名词前已有this,that,my,your,some,each,no,any等指示代词、物主代词及限定词限定时,该名词前不可再用冠词。如:栏目索引考点知识全面总结 She is not my type of woman.她不是我心目中的那类女人。3.系动词turn(变成)后的单数名词作表语,用零冠词。如:Has he turned scientist?他成为科学家了吗?4.用在某些固定短语中。如:pen and ink笔墨master and servant主仆husband and wife夫妻father and son父子day and nig

14、ht日日夜夜sun and moon日月hand in hand手拉手by weight论重量ahead of time提前face to face面对面under repair在修理之中in case of 万一,以防栏目索引考点知识全面总结by mistake错误地from morning till night从早到晚in place of替代by law根据法律for certain肯定地at war在交战on board在船(或火车等)上on second thoughts转念一想in debt负债no such boy没有这样的男孩子by air/land/water乘飞机/走陆路/

15、走水路side by side(=shoulder to shoulder)肩并肩地at noon/dawn(daybreak)/dusk/night/midnight在中午/黎明/黄昏/夜里/半夜out of work/order/control/date/patience/reach/breath/danger/season失业/出故障/失控/过时/失去耐心/够不着/上气不接下气/脱离危险/不在旺季in use/danger/public正被使用/处于危险之中/公开地,当众栏目索引考点知识全面总结every few days每隔几天catch fire起火come/rank first名列

16、第一give birth to产(仔)come to light暴露,真相大白come to power(=take office)上任,掌权do harm/good to对有危害/好处make room for为腾出空间栏目索引考点知识全面总结考点二代词考点二代词一、不定代词一、不定代词1.both,all,either,any,neither,none的区别栏目索引考点知识全面总结如:Ive bought two books;you can have either.我买了两本书;你要哪本都行。I am sorry I cant lend you any(money).对不起,我不能借给你钱

17、。None of this money is mine.这笔钱没有一点儿是我的。用不定代词填空:He had lost his temper and his health in the war and never foundeitherof them again.She had lived in New York and Detroit,but she liked neitherand moved to Huston.栏目索引考点知识全面总结2.one,another,the other;some,others,the others的区别 一个/一些另外一个/一些剩余的一个/一些单数onean

18、otherthe other复数someothersthe others 一本/一些书另外一本/一些书剩余的一本/一些书单数one bookanother bookthe other book复数some booksother booksthe other books栏目索引考点知识全面总结 单项填空:（）We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun,so lets have one this month.A.the otherB.someC.anotherD.other（）The manager believes prices will

19、not rise by more than four per-cent.A.any otherB.the otherC.anotherD.other（）Some of the wheat is from Canada.What about?A.anotherB.the otherC.othersD.the restCCD栏目索引考点知识全面总结(1)如:How much money do you have?None.你有多少钱?一点儿也没有。If I had some money,I would lend him some,but unfortunately,I have none.指代用来回

20、答相当于none人或物how manyhow muchnot a/an/any或no+名词nobody(no one)人whonot anyonenot anybodynothing物whatnot anything3.none,nothing,nobody的区别栏目索引考点知识全面总结(none=not any money)如果我有钱的话,我就借给他了,但遗憾的是,我没钱。I wished someone could help me,but there was no one at the moment.(no one=not anyone)我希望当时有人能帮我,但当时没有人。(2)none后

21、面可跟of短语,而something/anything/everything/nothing和someone/anyone/everyone/no one却不能。如:As we were asleep,none of us heard the sound.我们都睡着了,因此我们当中没有一个人听到那个声音。None of them knew about the plan because it was kept as a secret.他们当中没有一个人知道那项计划,因为它被当作一个秘密来保守。栏目索引考点知识全面总结 用none,nobody(no one),nothing填空:I have s

22、o many clothes,but none of them are new.Noone/Nobody can be good at something for 40 years if he doesnt love it.Swimming is my favorite sport and I think nothing is better than swim-ming for me to keep fit.二、人称代词和反身代词二、人称代词和反身代词1.人称代词(1)人称代词有主格和宾格之分,主格用作主语,宾格一般用作宾语,但在简短的对话中单独使用或在疑问代词、否定词后也可使用宾格代词。如:

23、栏目索引考点知识全面总结Nice to meet you!见到你很高兴!Me,too.我也是(很高兴见到你)。(2)人称代词it it作人称代词时可以指代前文所提到的人或事物,也可以指代性别不明的婴儿或谈话双方都明白的事物或情况。如:“Where is your car?”“Its in the garage.”“你的车在哪里?”“在车库里。”What a beautiful babyis it a boy?多漂亮的宝宝是男孩吗?注意:it除用作人称代词外,还有其他用法,如下:指代时间、距离、自然现象等。如:栏目索引考点知识全面总结It is half past two now.(指时间)现在

24、是两点半。It is 6 miles to the nearest hospital.(指距离)到最近的医院的距离是6英里。It is very cold in the room.(指温度)房间里很冷。A lovely day,isnt it?(指天气)好天气,是吗?用作形式主语或形式宾语。如:The doctor thought it would be good for you to have a holiday.(形式主语)医生认为度假对你有好处。栏目索引考点知识全面总结We feel it our duty to make our country a better place.(形式宾语

25、)我们觉得让我们的国家成为一个更加美好的地方是我们的责任。用it作形式主语或形式宾语补全下列句子:众所周知,在世界上中国人口最多。Itiswellknownthat China has the largest population in the world.据说他们都去看电影了。Itissaidthatall of them have gone to the cinema.(3)it用于强调句型中(内容见专题九特殊句式)栏目索引考点知识全面总结(2)含有反身代词的短语搭配for oneself亲自by oneself独自,自动地to oneself独自享用enjoy oneself(=have

26、 a good time)玩得开心,过得愉快Behave yourself!(=Be polite!Show good manners!)规矩点!absent oneself缺席;不参加2.反身代词(1)反身代词的句法功能栏目索引考点知识全面总结devote oneself to专心于;献身于apply oneself to专心致志于adapt oneself to适应于treat oneself to sth.用犒劳自己make oneself at home不要客气seat oneself(=sit)坐think for oneself(=form ones own opinion)独立思

27、考(形成自己的看法,自行决定)栏目索引考点知识全面总结 用含反身代词的介词短语完成下列句子:The machine will startbyitself in a few seconds.When I dine in a restaurant,I like a tabletomyself.栏目索引考点知识全面总结一、抽象一、抽象/物质名词的具体化物质名词的具体化1.某些表示特性、状态、情感、情绪等的抽象名词,如果仅仅表示“概念”,是不可数名词,表示泛指时,要与零冠词连用;但如果这类名词被具体化,则表示具体的人或事物,表示泛指时,需与不定冠词连用。如:surprise惊奇,惊讶 a surpri

28、se一件意外的事pleasure愉快,高兴 a pleasure一件快乐的事pressure压力 a pressure一种压力concern关心,忧虑 a concern一件令人关切的事success成功 a success一个/件成功的人/事failure失败 a failure一个/件失败的人/事栏目索引考点知识全面总结comfort安慰 a comfort令人感到安慰的人或事物pity同情,怜悯 a pity遗憾的事,可悲的事worry担忧,担心,忧愁 a worry令人担忧的事honour尊重,尊敬 an honour一个引起尊敬/重的人或事物wonder惊奇,惊叹,惊愕 a wond

29、er令人惊奇的事,奇观栏目索引考点知识全面总结 冠词填空:不填不填S(s)uccess lies not so much in luck as in hard work.His new book wasagreat success.2.rain,snow,fog,wind,gas,fire,crop,coffee,tea,food,drink,ice,chalk,sugar等物质名词可以转化为可数名词,与不定冠词连用表示“一场,一种,一份等”。用复数形式表示类别、数量。如:a heavy rain/snow一场大雨/雪two drinks两杯饮料 foods各种各样的食品two ices两份冰

30、激凌 two teas两杯茶栏目索引考点知识全面总结二、具体名词的抽象化二、具体名词的抽象化school,college,hospital,court,prison,bed,table,church等是可数名词,有具体的意义,但这类名词可被抽象化从而只突出与之有关的活动,却失去了原来的具体意义。这时,这类名词前需用零冠词。如:go to school去上学at table在吃饭in prison蹲监狱 go to church去做礼拜三、纯专有名词的普通化三、纯专有名词的普通化纯专有名词被普通化时,被普通化的专有名词可与冠词连用。如:He is a Lei Feng.他是个活雷锋。Is tha

31、t a Monet?那是莫奈的画吗?栏目索引考点知识全面总结A Mr.Smith is waiting for you outside.有个叫史密斯的先生正在外面等你。四、表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前的冠词活用四、表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前的冠词活用用在表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词(如:sun,moon,world,sky等)前,往往用定冠词,但当这些名词前有描述性定语时,可用不定冠词表示泛指。如:The moon travels around the earth.月亮绕着地球转。A new moon is hanging in the sky.一轮新月悬挂在天空中。We have

32、 friends all over the world.我们的朋友遍天下。栏目索引考点知识全面总结They are trying to make a new world.他们正在努力创造一个新世界。五、形容词比较等级前的冠词活用五、形容词比较等级前的冠词活用形容词比较级前用定冠词表示“两者当中较的”,而形容词比较级前用不定冠词则表示“更”。most前用定冠词表示“三者或三者以上中最的”;most前用不定冠词,并无比较含义,most相当于very。如:Which is the larger country,Canada or Australia?加拿大和澳大利亚,哪个国家更大?It is a m

33、ost useful book.(=a very useful)它是一本非常有用的书。栏目索引考点知识全面总结六、序数词前的冠词活用六、序数词前的冠词活用“the+序数词”表顺序,而“a/an+序数词”表“又一,再一”;序数词修饰动词时是副词,因此不必与冠词连用。如:Can you give me a second chance,please?(=another chance)请再给我一次机会好吗?He was only 5 years old when I first saw him.(adv.)当我第一次见到他时,他只有5岁。栏目索引考点知识全面总结anyeverynot anynot e

34、very(三个或三个以上)任何(三个或三个以上中的)每一个任何人/物都不(全部否定)并非每个(部分否定)七、七、any,every和和each的区别的区别 词性功能意义every限定词定语三个或三个以上中的每一个,强调“整体”each代词,限定词主语,宾语,同位语,定语两个或两个以上中的每一个,强调“个体”如:I have many books here,and you can take any one.我这里有很多书,你可以拿任何一本。栏目索引考点知识全面总结Every student has to take the examination.=All the students have to

35、 take the examination.每个学生都必须参加考试。Each of my children goes to a different school.我的几个孩子各自在不同的学校上学。Each(one)of the tickets costs 10 dollars.=The tickets cost 10 dollars each.=The tickets each cost 10 dollars.每张票10美元。(后两句中的each作同位语)Every man is not honest.=Not every man is honest.并非每个人都诚实。栏目索引考点知识全面总结

36、 多少复数名词概念manyfew 肯定否定不可数名词概念muchlittle复数名词概念a fewfew不可数名词概念a littlelittle八、八、many,much,few,little,afew,alittle的区别的区别栏目索引考点知识全面总结 用many,much,few,little,a few,a little完成下列句子:Many(很多)people dont havemuch(很多)food.Few(很少)people can live to be 100 years old.You have donelittle(很少)for me.Come in and haveal

37、ittle (一点)whisky.九、部分否定和全部否定九、部分否定和全部否定all,both,everyone,everybody,everything以及“every+名词”都表示全部肯定;no one,none,nobody,nothing,not.any以及“no+名词”都表示全部否定;当not出现在含有表示全部肯定的不定代词的句子中时,不管not在它们之前栏目索引考点知识全面总结Not all of them smoke.=All of them dont smoke.他们当中不是所有的人都抽烟。All of the boys are very clever,but none of

38、them can work out this problem.所有的男孩儿都很聪明,但他们当中没有一个能解出这道题。Such a thing cant be found everywhere.这种事并非到处可见。还是在它们之后都表示部分否定。此外,not与总括性副词如everywhere,always,wholly,altogether等连用时也表示部分否定。如:栏目索引dsfdbsy384y982ythb3oibt4oy39y409705923y09y53b2lkboi2y58wy0ehtoibwoify98wy049ywh4b3oiut89u983yf9ivh98y98sv98hv98ys

39、9f698y9v698yv98x98tb98fyd98gyd98h98ds98nt98d8genklgb4klebtlkb5k tkeirh893y89ey698vhkrne lkhgi8eyokbnkdhf98hodf hxvy78fd678t9fdu90gys98y9shihixyv78dfhvifndovhf9f8yv9onvkobkw kjfegiudsfdbsy384y982ythb3oibt4oy39y409705923y09y53b2lkboi2y58wy0ehtoibwoify98wy049ywh4b3oiut89u983yf9ivh98y98sv98hv98ys9f698y9

40、v698yv98x98tb98fyd98gyd98h98ds98nt98d8genklgb4klebtlkb5k tkeirh893y89ey698vhkrne lkhgi8eyokbnkdhf98hodf hxvy78fd678t9fdu90gys98y9shihixyv78dfhvifndovhf9f8yv9onvkobkw kjfegiudsfdbsy384y982ythb3oibt4oy39y409705923y09y53b2lkboi2y58wy0ehtoibwoify98wy049ywh4b3oiut89u983yf9ivh98y98sv98hv98ys9f698y9v698yv9

41、8x98tb98fyd98gyd98h98ds98nt98d8gen56384866666gjfdghmghm56384866666gjfdghmghm56384866666gjfdghmghm56384866666gjfdghmghm56384866666gjfdghmghm56384866666gjfdghmghm56384866666gjfdghmghm56384866666gjfdghmghm56384866666gjfdghmghm56384866666gjfdghmghm56384866666gjfdghmghm56384866666gjfdghmghm56384866666gjf

42、dghmghm56384866666gjfdghmghm56384866666gjfdghmghm56384866666gjfdghmghm56384866666gjfdghmghm56384866666gjfdghmghm56384866666gjfdghmghm56384866666gjfdghmghm56384866666gjfdghmghm56384866666gjfdghmghm56384866666gjfdghmghm￥1111111111111111111111111111111222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222223333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333344444￥