句子成分和基本句型的讲解课件.ppt

1、2022-12-612022-12-622022-12-63什么是句子？什么是句子？句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第一个字母必须一个字母必须大写大写，结尾要有，结尾要有？！I am a teacher.I am a teacher.Are you a student?Are you a student?How beautiful the girl is!How beautiful the girl is!2022-12-64现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、现代汉语里一般的

2、句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（分有七种：主语（subjectsubject）、谓语（）、谓语（predicatpredicate e）、表语（）、表语（predicativepredicative）、宾语（）、宾语（objectobject）、）、定语（定语（attributeattribute）、状语）、状语(adverbial)(adverbial)和补语和补语（complementcomplement）。）。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大

3、、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。句子包括哪些成分？句子包括哪些成分？2022-12-651.1.主语主语(Subject)(Subject)：主语是一个句子所叙述：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，常位于句首。的主体，常位于句首。但在但在there bethere be结构、疑问句（主语不是结构、疑问句（主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后。主语可由下列结构助动词或情态动词后。主语可由下列结构表示。表示。2022-12-66

4、1.During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.1.During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.2.We often speak English in class.2.We often speak English in class.3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.3.One-third of the students in

5、 this class are girls.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health.5.Smoking does harm to the health.6.The rich should help the poor.6.The rich should help the poor.（名词）（代词）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）（名词化的形容词）2022-12-677.When we are going

6、 to have an English test has not been decided.7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.（主语从句）（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）2022-12-68句子成分练习题句子成分练习题(一一 )(一).指出下列句中主语的中心词（4分，4分钟）The teacher wi

7、th two of his students is walking into the classroom.There is an old man coming here.The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.2022-12-69谓语谓语 谓语谓语 (Predicate)(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作

8、谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：成。如：He practices running every morniHe practices running every morning.ng.The plane took off at ten oclo The plane took off at ten oclock.ck.2022-12-610谓语谓语 2022-12-611 1.Tom didnt do his homework yesterday.A.Tom B.didnt

9、C.do D.his homework 2.What I want to tell you is this.A.want B.to tell C.you D.is 3.We had better send for a doctor.A.We B.had C.send D.doctor 4.He is interested in music.A.is B.interested C.in D.music 5.Whom did you give my book to?A.give B.did C.whom D.book2022-12-612表语表语 表语表语(Predicative)(Predica

10、tive)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seemlook,grow,turn,seem等）之后。等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：表语从句表示。例如：2022-12-6131.Our teacher of English is an 1.Our teacher of English

11、is an AmericanAmerican.（名词）（名词）2.Is it 2.Is it yoursyours?（代词）（代词）3.The weather has turned 3.The weather has turned coldcold.（形容词）（形容词）4.The speech is 4.The speech is exciting.exciting.（分词）（分词）5.Three times seven is 5.Three times seven is twenty onetwenty one?（数词）（数词）2022-12-6146.His job is 6.His jo

12、b is to teach Englishto teach English.（不定式）（不定式）7.His hobby is 7.His hobby is playing footballplaying football.（动名词）（动名词）8.The meeting is 8.The meeting is of great importanceof great importance.（介词短语）（介词短语）9.Time is 9.Time is upup.The class is.The class is overover.（副词）（副词）10.The truth is 10.The tru

13、th is that he has never been abroadthat he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（表语从句）2022-12-615 挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired.Why is he worried about Jim?The leaves have turned yellow.Soon They all became interested in the subject.She was the first to learn about it.2022-12-616在系动词后的部分就是表语在系

14、动词后的部分就是表语常见的系动词有常见的系动词有:be(am,is,are,were,was)be(am,is,are,were,was)状态：状态：seem,appear,prove-seem,appear,prove-感官：感官：smell,feel,taste,sound,looksmell,feel,taste,sound,look变化：变化：become,get,turn,go,come,growbecome,get,turn,go,come,grow持续：持续：remain,stay,keep,remain,stay,keep,2022-12-617 I.I.常用作连系动词：常用作

15、连系动词：变成变成,变得：变得：become,come,fall,get,go,become,come,fall,get,go,grow,run,turngrow,run,turn 口诀：好是口诀：好是comecome，坏是，坏是go;go;天气、外貌慢慢天气、外貌慢慢grow;grow;流水、金钱缓缓流水、金钱缓缓run;run;颜色、天气大不同颜色、天气大不同turnturn；G Get becomeet become口语化，如果要说就用它口语化，如果要说就用它.口诀解读：口诀解读：Come Come 一般表示事物由坏变好，结果是好的。一般表示事物由坏变好，结果是好的。如：如：Dreams

16、 come true.Dreams come true.梦想成真。梦想成真。Go Go 一般表示事物由好变坏，结果是不好的。一般表示事物由好变坏，结果是不好的。如：如：Its such a hot day today that this diIts such a hot day today that this dish has gone smelly.sh has gone smelly.今天太热了，菜都馊了。今天太热了，菜都馊了。2022-12-618 Grow Grow 表示逐渐变化，强调的是缓慢变化的过程，表示逐渐变化，强调的是缓慢变化的过程，后面往往接表示天气或外貌变化的静态形容词。后

17、面往往接表示天气或外貌变化的静态形容词。如：我想和你一起慢慢变老。如：我想和你一起慢慢变老。I want to grow old with you.I want to grow old with you.Run Run 与与grow grow 是对应的，其主语多为能流动，能消是对应的，其主语多为能流动，能消耗的东西。耗的东西。如：如：Still water runs deep.Still water runs deep.静水深流。静水深流。TurnTurn多接表示颜色和天气的形容词，侧重于表达多接表示颜色和天气的形容词，侧重于表达与之前大不相同。与之前大不相同。如：如：The weather

18、suddenly turned hot.The weather suddenly turned hot.天气突然变热了。天气突然变热了。2022-12-6194.4.宾语宾语(Object)(Object)：宾语表示动作的对：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。动词和介词后面。宾语种类宾语种类：（1 1）双宾语（间接宾语）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）直接宾语）L Lend end me your dictionaryme your dictionary.（2 2）复合宾语（宾语）复合宾语（宾语+宾补）宾补）They elected They elec

19、ted him their monitorhim their monitor.2022-12-620宾语宾语 宾语（宾语（ObjectObject）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.He is doing his homework.1.He is doing his homework.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school o

20、n time.3.How many dictionaries do you have?I have five.3.How many dictionaries do you have?I have five.（名词）（代词、动名词）（名词、数词）2022-12-6214.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5.He pretended not to see me.5.He pretended not to see me.6.I

21、 enjoy listening to popular music.6.I enjoy listening to popular music.7.I think7.I think（thatthat）he is fit for his office.he is fit for his office.（名词化形容词，名词）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（宾语从句）2022-12-622宾语种类宾语种类：（1 1）双宾语（间接宾语）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：直接宾语），例如：Lend Lend me your dictionaryme your dictionary,please.,plea

22、se.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throwTo:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，等，“七给七给”一一“带带”toto不少不少 例如：例如：He sent the novel to William yesterday.He sent the novel to William yesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,

23、post,saveFor:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：等，例如：She bought a gift for her mother.She bought a gift for her mother.（2 2）复合宾语（宾语）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：宾补），例如：They elected They elected him their monitorhim their monitor.2022-12-623下列动词只能接不定式做宾语下列动词只能接不定式做宾语 ask,agree,care,choos

24、eask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expe,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,mct,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,panage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,retend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desirewish,desire等，如：等，如：He refused He refused to lend me his bike.to

25、 lend me his bike.2022-12-624下列动词只能接动名词做宾语下列动词只能接动名词做宾语 admit,avoid,advise,consideadmit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finishr,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,sugge,imagine,mind,practise,suggestst等，如：等，如：John has admitted John has admitted breaking the breaking the window

26、window.2022-12-625(三)挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework.People all over the world speak English.You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.How many new words did you learn last class?Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,how about you?The old man sitting at the gate

27、 said he was ill.They made him monitor of the class.Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.You will find it useful after you leave school.They didnt know who Father Christmas really is.2022-12-626 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语（Please tell us a story.My father bought a new bike for me last we

28、ek.Mr Li is going to teach us history next term.Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.Did he leave any message for me?2022-12-627 下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如宾语，但意义不同，如mean,try,remembmean,try,remember,forget,regreter,forget,regret等。等。forget to doforget to do表示表示“未发生的动作未发生的动作”，forget doingfo

29、rget doing表示表示“已完成的动作已完成的动作”。如：如：Dont forget to come here earlier Dont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(tomorrow.(还没来还没来)I forgot returning the book to hiI forgot returning the book to him.m.(书已还给他了书已还给他了)2022-12-628宾语补足语宾语补足语 宾语补足语（宾语补足语（Object ComplementObject Complement），用），用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾

30、语于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：telltell，l letet，helphelp，teachteach，askask，seesee，havehave，o orderrder，makemake等。等。“宾补宾补”一般可由名词一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：短语和从句充当。例如：2022-12-6291.His father named him Xiaoming.1.His father named

31、him Xiaoming.2.They painted their boat white.2.They painted their boat white.3.Let the fresh air in.3.Let the fresh air in.4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.5.We saw her entering the room.5.We saw her entering the room.6.We found everythi

32、ng in the lab in good order.6.We found everything in the lab in good order.7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.（名词）（形容词）（副词）（不定式短语）（现在分词）（介词短语）（从句）2022-12-630宾语补足语宾语补足语 在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能

33、表达完整的意思还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用 它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现在分词和过去分词充当在分词和过去分词充当 If you let me go,Ill make you king.If you let me go,Ill make you king.Leave the door open.Leave the door open.We found John out when we arrived.We found John out w

34、hen we arrived.Make yourself at home.Make yourself at home.I saw him enter the hall.I saw him enter the hall.The boss keeps them working all day.The boss keeps them working all day.I heard my name called.I heard my name called.2022-12-631 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and bo

35、oks in the reading-room.He asked her to take the boy out of school.She found it difficult to do the work.They call me Lily sometimes.I saw Mr.Wang get on the bus.Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?2022-12-632主动语态变成被动语态后主动语态变成被动语态后,宾语补足语变成主补宾语补足语变成主补.I last saw him playin

36、g near the river.I last saw him playing near the river.He was last seen He was last seen playing near the riverplaying near the river.The teacher caught the student cheating in thThe teacher caught the student cheating in the exame exam The student was caught The student was caught cheating in the e

37、xamcheating in the exam We made him monitor.We made him monitor.He was made He was made monitor.monitor.He pushed the door open.He pushed the door open.The door was pushed The door was pushed openopen.2022-12-633定语定语 修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示：定语可由以下等成分表

38、示：1.Guilin is a1.Guilin is a beautiful beautiful city.city.（形容词）（形容词）2.China is a 2.China is a developing developing country;America is a country;America is a developeddeveloped country.country.（分词）（分词）3.There are thirty3.There are thirty women women teachers in our school.teachers in our school.（名词

39、）（名词）4.His 4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）（代词）2022-12-6345.Our monitor is always the first5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）（不定式短语）6.The 6.The teachingteaching plan for next term h

40、as been worked out.plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）（动名词）7.He is reading an article 7.He is reading an article about how to learn Englishabout how to learn English.（介词短语）（介词短语）8.She is the girl 8.She is the girl who sings best in my classwho sings best in my class.(定语从句定语从句)2022-12-635(五)

41、挑出下列句中的定语 They use Mr,Mrs with the family name.What is your given name?On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!2022-12-636状语状语(adverbial modifieradverbial modifier)修

42、饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（AdveAdverbialrbial）。可由以下形式表示）。可由以下形式表示 ：1.Light travels most quickly.1.Light travels most quickly.2.He has lived in the city for ten years.2.He has lived in the city for ten years.3.He is proud to have passed the national colle

43、ge entrance examination.3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（副词及副词性词组）（介词短语）（不定式短语）2022-12-6374.He is in the room making a model plane.4.He is in the room making a model plane.5.Wait a minute.5.Wait a minute.6.Once you begin,you must continue.6.Once you begin,you m

44、ust continue.（分词短语）（名词）（状语从句）2022-12-6389种状语种类如下：1.How about meeting again 1.How about meeting again at sixat six?2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party 2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rainbecause of the rain.3.I shall go there 3.I shall go there if it doesnt rainif

45、 it doesnt rain.4.Mr Smith lives 4.Mr Smith lives on the third flooron the third floor.5.She put the eggs into the basket 5.She put the eggs into the basket with great carewith great care.（时间状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）2022-12-639 She came in She came in with a dictionary in her handwith a dictionary

46、 in her hand.6.In order to catch up with the others6.In order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.,I must work harder.7.He was so tired 7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediatelythat he fell asleep immediately.8.She works very hard 8.She works very hard though she is oldthough she

47、is old.9.I am taller 9.I am taller than he isthan he is.（伴随状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）（比较状语）2022-12-640 （九）同位语（九）同位语（AppositiveAppositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：This is Mr.Zhou,This is Mr.Zhou,our headmaster.our headmaster.（十）插入语（十）插入语（ParenthesisParenthes

48、is）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有t to be honest,I think(suppose,believe-)o be honest,I think(suppose,believe-)等，如：等，如：To be frank,To be frank,I dont quite agree with you.I dont quite agree with you.2022-12-641(七)挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face.Every night he heard the noise upstairs.H

49、e began to learn English when he was eleven.The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.With the medicine box under her arm,Miss Li hurried off.She loves the library because she loves books.I am afraid that if youve lost it,you must pay for it.The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other m

50、achine.2022-12-642练习练习一一.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.1.The studentsThe students got on the got on the schoolschool bus.bus.2.He handed 2.He handed me me the newspaper.the newspaper.3.I 3.I shall answer shall answer your question your question after class.after class.4.What a 4.What a beaut