高考英语第一轮复习语法冲刺构词法课件.ppt

1、2019届高三语法总复习第 2 课 构词法 猜猜看猜猜看最时髦的网络流行语之最时髦的网络流行语之派生法派生法1.disclose ones secret2.Microblog3.wedding slave4.envious,jealous and hateful 婚奴婚奴微博微博 吐槽吐槽 羡慕嫉妒恨羡慕嫉妒恨 5.time-travel TV drama6.group purchasing7.daddy-is-the-key 8.leftover ladies 拼爹拼爹 穿越剧穿越剧 团购团购 剩女剩女 猜猜看猜猜看最时髦的网络流行语之最时髦的网络流行语之合成法合成法把两个或两个以上的词合成

2、一个新词把两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词,这种构词的方法叫做这种构词的方法叫做合成法。合成法。猜猜看猜猜看最时髦的网络流行语之最时髦的网络流行语之转化法转化法9.被雷倒被雷倒(到到)了了 in shock/shock sb10.淡定淡定 keep calm/calm down转化法：不添加任何成分转化法：不添加任何成分,不改变词形不改变词形,把一个词把一个词由一种词类转用为另一种词类的方法叫转化法。由一种词类转用为另一种词类的方法叫转化法。1.mass bargainer2.the most-willful anti-mover3.hooligan software4.box office 5

3、.couch potato 最牛钉子户最牛钉子户 流氓软件流氓软件猜猜看猜猜看最时髦的网络流行语最时髦的网络流行语拼客拼客票房票房1.mortgage slave2.Otaku3.Otaku girl 4.campus dwellers 5.hide-and-seek6.cheap copy房奴房奴宅男宅男宅女宅女赖校族赖校族山寨版山寨版猜猜看猜猜看最时髦的网络流行语最时髦的网络流行语be sunk/sunken get some soy sauce Only a legendseckill(ing)grassroots post-80s workaholic猜猜看猜猜看最时髦的网络流行语最时

4、髦的网络流行语 paid annual leave flatter sb take-awaymerit student,three good student(good in study,attitude and health)coupon freak(s)猜猜看猜猜看最时髦的网络流行语最时髦的网络流行语 构词法构词法构词法：合成合成(Compounding)派生法派生法（Derivation）【前缀/后缀】转化法转化法（Conversion）【词性转换】一、派生法（一、派生法（Derivation）在一个词的词根（在一个词的词根（root）前面或后面加上某个词缀（）前面或后面加上某个词缀（af

5、fix）来产生新词，这种构词法称为派生法（来产生新词，这种构词法称为派生法（derivation）或词缀法）或词缀法（affixation）。加在前面的词缀叫前缀（）。加在前面的词缀叫前缀（prefix），加在后面），加在后面的词缀叫后缀（的词缀叫后缀（suffix）。）。一般情况下，前缀往往改变词根的词义，不改变词根的词性；一般情况下，前缀往往改变词根的词义，不改变词根的词性；而后缀往往改变词根的词性，有些也涉及意义的变化。大部分而后缀往往改变词根的词性，有些也涉及意义的变化。大部分前缀和后缀都有固定的意义，因而许多派生词的词义可以通过前缀和后缀都有固定的意义，因而许多派生词的词义可以通过词

6、根及词缀的意思推知。词根及词缀的意思推知。构词法（一）后缀法（一）后缀法（Suffixation）：）：一般情况下，构成新词的词性发生改变，许多是由词根加后缀构成的。1.构成名词的常用后缀有：1)构成表示人或物的名词的常用后缀有：-er,-or,-ist,-ee,-ese,-ant等。例如：后缀后缀例例 子子-or/erthinker（思想家）builder（建设者）translator（翻译者）-istphysicist（物理学家）dentist（牙科医生）typist（打字员）-eeemployee（雇员）trainee（受训人员）interviewee（被采访者）-(i)anphysic

7、ian（内科医生）Italian（意大利人）American(美国人)-eseChinese（中国人）Japanese（日本人）Vietnamese（越南人）-antassistant（助手）contestant（竞争者）servant（仆人）2)构成表示等抽象名词的常用后缀有：-al,-ance,-ence,-(a)ton,-sion,-ics,-ing,-ity,-ment,-ness,-th,-ty,-ure,-ship等。例如：后缀后缀例例 子子-alarrival（到达）（到达）refusal（拒绝）（拒绝）survival（幸存）（幸存）ance/-enceacceptance（接

8、受）（接受）assistance（帮助）（帮助）dependence（依靠）（依靠）-tion/-siondiscussion（讨论）（讨论）preparation（准备）（准备）repetition（重复）（重复）后缀后缀例例 子子-icsphysics（物理学）（物理学）economics（经济学）（经济学）politics（政治学）（政治学）-ingbuilding（建筑物）（建筑物）wedding（婚礼）（婚礼）learning（学习，学问）（学习，学问）-tyreality （现实）（现实）ability （能力）（能力）difficulty（困难）（困难）-ment argumen

9、t（争论）（争论）settlement（解决）（解决）establishment（建立）（建立）-nessgreatness（伟大）（伟大）hardness（硬度）（硬度）kindness（善良）（善良）-thwarmth （温暖）（温暖）length （长度）（长度）growth（成长）（成长）-urefailure （失败）（失败）pressure （压力）（压力）mixture（混合物）（混合物）-shipfriendship（友谊）（友谊）leadership（领导）（领导）relationship（关系）（关系）2.构成形容词的常用后缀有：构成形容词的常用后缀有：-able,-ibl

10、e,-al,-ful,-less,-ish,-ive,-ous,-an,-ic,-ly,-ant,-ent,-ary,-en等。例如：等。例如：后缀后缀例例 子子-able/-ible suitable（适合的）（适合的）responsible（负责的）（负责的）acceptable（可接受的）（可接受的）-alnatural（天然的）（天然的）national（国家的）（国家的）personal（个人的）（个人的）-fulpowerful（强大的）（强大的）faithful（忠诚的）（忠诚的）colorful（多彩的）（多彩的）-lessfearless（无畏的）（无畏的）useless（无

11、用的）（无用的）helpless（无助的）（无助的）后缀后缀例例 子子-ishselfish（自私的）（自私的）childish（幼稚的）（幼稚的）bookish（书呆子气的）（书呆子气的）-ivecollective（集体的）（集体的）decisive（决定性的）（决定性的）native（本国的）（本国的）-ousfamous（著名的）（著名的）continuous（连续不断的）（连续不断的）delicious（可口的）（可口的）-ichistoric（有历史意义的）（有历史意义的）scientific（科学的）（科学的）electronic（电子的）（电子的）-lyfriendly（友好的

12、）（友好的）lively（活泼的）（活泼的）lovely（可爱的）（可爱的）后缀后缀例例 子子-(t)ythirsty（口渴的）（口渴的）noisy（喧闹的）（喧闹的）healthy（健康的）（健康的）-ent/-antpleasant（令人愉快的）（令人愉快的）dependent（依赖的）（依赖的）different（不同的）（不同的）-arysecondary（次要的）（次要的）imaginary（想象中的）（想象中的）ordinary（普通的）（普通的）-engolden（金色的）（金色的）wooden（木制的）（木制的）woolen（毛纺的）（毛纺的）3.构成副词的常用后缀有：构成副词

13、的常用后缀有：-ly,-ward,-wise等。例如：等。例如：后缀后缀例例 子子-lyterribly（可怕地）（可怕地）regularly（定期地）（定期地）exactly（确切地）（确切地）-wardeastward（向东方地）（向东方地）homeward（向家去地）（向家去地）westward（向西地）（向西地）-wiseotherwise（否则）（否则）likewise（同样地）（同样地）clockwise（顺时针方向地）（顺时针方向地）一、形容词加一、形容词加-ly变为副词的规律变为副词的规律1.一般情况加一般情况加-ly。2.“辅音字母辅音字母+y”结尾的，将结尾的，将y改为改为

14、-ily。如：。如：angry angrily/busy busily/heavy heavily 3.以以-ble结尾的，将结尾的，将ble改为改为bly。如：。如：probable probably/possible possibly4.个别单词，去掉个别单词，去掉e再加再加ly。如：如：gentle gently/true truly 5.以以-ic结尾的，加结尾的，加ally。如：如：basic basically/energetic energetically 注意：有的名词注意：有的名词+ly 形容词形容词 如：如：friend friendly/day daily 4.构成动词的

15、常用后缀的有：构成动词的常用后缀的有：-ise/ize,-en,-ify等。例如等。例如：后缀后缀例例 子子-ise/izerealize（实现）（实现）modernize（使现代化）（使现代化）summarize（总结）（总结）-enwiden（加宽）（加宽）strengthen（加强）（加强）darken（使变暗）（使变暗）-(i)fyverify（证实）（证实）modify（修饰）（修饰）beautify（美化）（美化）1.He must be _(mental)disabled.2.His teacher took a deep drink,smiled_(warm),and than

16、ked his student very much for the sweet water.mentallywarmly3.But Jane knew from past experience that her _ (choose)of ties hardly ever pleased her father.4.This proverb is saying we have to let things go in their _(nature)course.5.We drank together and talked _ (merry)till far into the night.choice

17、naturalmerrily1.I was supposed to arrive at the airport on time._(fortunate),I was held up by the heavy traffic jam.2.Therefore,when they become older they are _(able)to do any other kind of work.unable Unfortunately3.Very early the next morning,amazingly,we got completely satisfied in a totally _(e

18、xpect)way.4.I wont do the purchase because the price of this dress is _(reason).unreasonable unexpected5.Job _(apply)need to show their ability to be both organized and flexible in taking on many tasks at the same time.6.All facts are the source of _(conclude).conclusionsapplicants7.However,most _(s

19、cience)agree that EQ has a lot to do with _(educate).8.Excellent oral and written _(communicate)skills in Chinese and English are of _(important).importancescientistscommunicationeducation9.Fresh fruits and vegetables can provide much of our daily _(require).10.It is your _(free)to do what you want

20、after class.freedom requirement11.As is known to us all,the Entrance Exam is a great _,and the students are _.(compete)12.I am _(grate)to you for your help.13.He gave me some _(construct)suggestions.grateful competitorscompetitionconstructive 14.A jurys decision in a court case must be absolutely _(

21、object).15.He devoted much money to building schools in _(mountain)areas.16.Unfortunately,my car broke down on a _(mud)road.muddy objectivemountainous17.Everyone should play his part in building a _(harmony)society.18.The _(mystery)letter sent from Taiwan made the professor lost in thought.19.To mak

22、e myself _,I would do some _exercise after work.(relax)relaxing harmoniousmysteriousrelaxed20.All the children felt _ when they heard the _ news.(discourage)21.We _(apology)for the late departure of this flight.apologized discourageddiscouraging22.The article can _(long)out a little by adding some e

23、xamples.23.His illness _(worse)during the night.24.Letting that animal escape was no accident;you did it _(intention).intentionally lengthen worsened25.The black people were against slavery and fought for their freedom _(brave).26.Our products are sold _,(world).27.He went out of the office _(hurry)

24、to run after her.hurriedly bravelyworldwide28.I lost my balance and fell _(back).29.They live in the _(west)part of the village.30.Its very important to eat _(health).healthily backwardwestern二、语法填空 A group of robbers dug their way into the basement of a bank in Paris and emptied almost 200 private

25、safes.They entered the Credit Lyonnais branch using building 31 _(equip)to dig holes and destroy walls 32 _Saturday night.equipmentonThey tied up a 33 _(secure)guard and spent the next nine hours robbing the bank.One 34 _(investigate)described the robbery as a“35 _(profession)job”.securityinvestigat

26、orprofessionalThe robbers came in at about 22:00 on Saturday and left at 7:00 on Sunday.They entered through the basements of the neighboring building,digging through a series of tunnels and making a hole into a wall of 80 cm thick to get into the bank,36 _was having building works at the time.which

27、When they left,the robbers set the place on fire to 37 _(move)any trace of evidence,switching on the anti-fire system and flooding the building.38 _(fortune),the guard escaped 39 _(harm).removeFortunatelyunharmed40_ is difficult to estimate the total value of what was stolen as only the banks client

28、s(储户储户)know the content of their private safes.It（二）前缀法（二）前缀法（Prefixation）：这种通过在词根的前面加词缀构）：这种通过在词根的前面加词缀构成新词的方法叫前缀法。一般情况下，它不改变新词的词性，只成新词的方法叫前缀法。一般情况下，它不改变新词的词性，只引起词义的变化。许多名词、形容词、副词和动词是由词根加后引起词义的变化。许多名词、形容词、副词和动词是由词根加后缀构成的。缀构成的。1.常见的表示否定或相反意义的前缀有：常见的表示否定或相反意义的前缀有：un-,dis-,in-,im-,ir-,il-等。例如：等。例如：前缀前

29、缀例例 子子un-unhappy（不高兴）（不高兴）unlock（开锁）（开锁）dis-dislike（不喜欢）（不喜欢）disagree（不同意）（不同意）im-impossible（不可能的）（不可能的）improper（不合适的）（不合适的）in-informal（非正式的）（非正式的）incorrect（不正确的）（不正确的）ir-irregular（不规则的）（不规则的）irrelevant（不相关的）（不相关的）il-illegal（不合法的）（不合法的）illogical（不合理的）（不合理的）2.常见的表示其他意思的前缀有：前缀前缀意义意义例例 子子re-重新，再次regain

30、（再次获得）reform（改革）mis-错误的misunderstand（误解）mislead（误导）anti-反、防anti-tank（反坦克的）anti-social（危害社会的）ex-前ex-president（前总统）ex-wife(前妻)pre-预先preview（预习）predict(预言、预测)前缀前缀意义意义例例 子子post-之后的post-war（战后的）postgraduate（研究生）fore-之前的forecast（预报）foresee（预见）super-超级；上层supermarket（超市）superman（超人）sub-下面的；亚、次subway（地下铁道）su

31、btitle（副标题）inter-之间的，互相interact（相互作用）international（国际的）前缀前缀意义意义例例 子子trans-跨越；移transport（运输）translate（翻译）semi-半semi-final（半决赛）semiconductor（半导体）vice-副vice-premier（副总理）vice-chairman（副主席）uni-单uniform（制服）unilateral（单方面的）bi-双bicycle（自行车）bimonthly（双月的）multi-多multinational（多国的）multicolor（多色的）auto-自动，自主auto

32、mation（自动化）automobile（汽车）合成词合成词构成构成例子例子合合成成名名词词n.+n.bedroom,sportsman,lifeboat,spaceship,network,weekday n.+v.-inghandwriting,sightseeing,sunbathing,weightliftingadj.+n.hardware,first-aid,midnight,nobleman,highway,blackboardv.-ing+n.living-room,writing-paper,swimming-pool,hiding-placev.+n.breakfast,

33、crybaby,watchdog,pickpocket,birthcontroln.+v.+-erbook-seller,film-maker,story-teller,peace-lover,housekeeperprep./adv.+n.underground,upside,overcoat,afternoon,income,byproduct 其他newcomer,fisherman,editor-in-chief,sister-in-law,take-off合成词合成词构成构成例子例子合合成成形形容容词词adj.+n.+-edmiddle-aged,cold-blooded,warm-

34、hearted,red-haired n.+p.p.man-made,snow-covered,heart-broken,deep-seatedn.+a.world-famous,self-confident,ice-cold,watertight,seasick adj.+n.full-time,high-speed,second-hand,first-class,front-pagen./adj./adv.+v.-ingpeace-loving,good-looking,far-reaching,hard-workingadj./adv.+p.p.*well-known,low-paid,

35、well-educated,quick-frozen,dry-cleaned合成合成词词构成构成例子例子合成合成动词动词n./adj./adv.+v.baby-sit,proof-read,ill-treat,mass-produce,overtake,uplift underline,overthrow,overeat,undergo合成合成代词代词 himself,everyone,nobody,something,another合成合成副词副词 however,maybe,wherever,anywhere,overhead,otherwise 转化法（Conversion）tasten

36、.味道v.尝起来It has a good taste.It tastes very good.record n.记录记录v.记录记录He broke the record.He records something while reading a book.三、转换法（三、转换法（conversion）在词形不变的情况下，把一个单词由一种词性转换成另一种词性，而没有加任何词缀，这种构词方法称为转换法。转换法种类很多，但数量最多的是由名词转化为动词和由动词转化为名词两大类。转换后的词义与转换前的词义通常有密切的联系，但有时差异也很大。例如：dream v.做梦 n.梦 look v.看 n.相貌

37、 back n.后背 v.支持 air n.空气 v.通风 better a.较好 v.改善有些双音节的词转换后，重音要发生变化。通常名词重音在前，动词重音在后，有时读音也有不同，应予注意。例如;accent transport record import convict conflict contrast survey 1.许多名词可转化成动词，意思也随着有些改变。如：chair（n.椅子 v.主持）hand（n.手v.上交）land（n.土地v.着陆）cook（n.厨师v.烹调）order（n.命令v.订购）name（n.名字v.取名）lift（n.电梯v.举起）picture（n.画v.

38、描绘）press（n.报刊v.挤压）nurse（n.护士v.照料）smoke（n.烟v.吸烟）stand（n.看台v.站）2.大量动词可转化为名词，有时意思没有太大改变。如：try （v.尝试n.尝试）read (v.阅读n.阅读)swim（v.游泳n.游泳）sigh （v.叹气n.叹气）cry (v.哭n.哭)shout（v.呼喊n.呼喊）kiss (v.吻n吻)guess (v.猜测n猜测)3.形容词转化成动词。如：better（a.更好的v.改善）calm（a.安静的v.使安静）cool（a.凉快的v.冷却）spare（a.空闲的v.节省）own（a.自己的v.拥有）close（a.亲密

39、的v.关闭）slow（a.慢的v.减慢）last（a.最后的v.持续）4.形容词转化成名词。如：cold（a.冷的n.感冒）back（a.后面的n.背部）quiet(a.安静的n.恬静)calm(a.平静的n安静)5.形容词转化成副词。如：deep（a.深的ad.深地）wide（a.宽的ad.广泛地）hard（a.困难的ad.努力地）well（a.健康的ad.很好地）correctcorrectionincorrectindependentdependdependabledisable disabilityimpossiblepossiblepossibilitywrongmistakenmi

40、stakemisunderstandunderstandundergraduategraduategraduationn.反义反义独立的独立的词根词根adj.残疾的残疾的n.不可能的不可能的n.反义反义n.误解误解词根词根大学生大学生词根词根n.近义近义反义反义Words Building 一、请找出下列句中的合成词一、请找出下列句中的合成词,指出指出其意义。其意义。1.This fully updated book features the latest information about study opportunities.updated最新的最新的 即时练习即时练习2.It is s

41、aid that a short-tempered man in the Song Dynasty(960-1279)was very anxious to help his rice crop grow up quickly.short-tempered 急脾气的急脾气的3.He is said to be“undersized,”with“short legs”and a“round stomach”.undersized个子小的个子小的 4.Yet,shopkeepers may have to spend extra hours to deal with problems,such as shoplifters,who always take away things from the shop without paying for them.What does the word“shoplifter”mean?A.A thief B.A guide in a shop C.the owner of a shop D.A porter(搬运工)shop+lifter shoplifter lifter n.小偷小偷