《硕士博士毕业论文写作教程》课件Chapter 11 Citation and References.ppt

1、Week 11 Citation and ReferencesContents Citations ReferencesCitationvDefinition:v Citation is the act of identifying sources.A citation names the author and work and provides sufficient bibliographic information to allow the reader to track down the original source.vTwo types of citation:v (1)Citati

2、on as note/reference,(2)Citation as material quoted.Citations Sometimes students fall into plagiarism because theyre not aware of the standards for scholarly citation.In general,as you do research and take notes,make sure to keep full bibliographic information notes.If youre sloppy at the start,youl

3、l have no hope later on of reconstructing your citations.Paraphrasing vs.Quoting?Should I paraphrase or quote?In general,use direct quotations only if you have a good reason.Most of your paper should be in your own words,and try to summarize from sources when youre writing in the social or natural s

4、ciencesbut there are always exceptions.When to Quote?In research papers,you should quote from a source:to show that an authority supports your point.to present a position or argument to critique or comment on.to include especially moving or historically significant language.e.g.“Brevity is the soul

5、of wit”(Shakespeare,1602).to present a particularly well-stated passage whose meaning would be lost or changed if paraphrased or summarized.Citing Information and IdeasvEven if you use your own words,but you obtained the information or ideas you are presenting from a source,you must document the sou

6、rce.vYou do not need to cite a source for material if it is considered common knowledge:Common knowledge is factual information considered to be in the public domain,such as generally accepted facts,dates of historical events,etc.The Moon orbits the Earth Field-specific common knowledge is common on

7、ly within a particular field or specialty.It may include facts,theories,or methods that are familiar to readers within that discipline.It is dangerous to mix ammonia and bleach.When to Paraphrase?Definition:Putting an authors ideas in your own words.You should summarize or paraphrase when:what you w

8、ant from the source is the idea expressed,and not the specific language used to express it.you can express in fewer words what the key point of a source is.How to Paraphrase a Source When reading a passage,try first to understand it as a whole,rather than pausing to write down specific ideas or phra

9、ses.Be selective about what to summarize.Choose and summarize the material that helps you make a point in your paper.Think of what your own words would be if you were telling someone whos unfamiliar with your subject.What the original source said?Summary or Paraphrase?If you are paraphrasing an idea

10、 from another work,you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference,but APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the page number(although it is not required.)e.g.According to Jones(1998:199),APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time le

11、arners.e.g.APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners(Jones,1998:199).Why Citations?Acknowledge the intellectual property rights of authors Show respect for previous scholars Give your arguments greater authority Promote your friends and colleagues Show that you are a member of

12、 a particular disciplinary community(puter science,business)Show that you are a scholar who is aware of the relevant studies relating to your dissertation (Swales and Feak,2012:340)Where Citations?What parts of your dissertation would readers expect to find citations?In all chapters:Introduction,Lit

13、erature Review,Methodology,Results,Discussion/Conclusion Formats for Citations (Swales&Feak 2012)1.Strong author-prominent citation 1.Gruenbergs(1985)canon of Philippine literature was the basis for the choice of writers to investigate.2.The analysis of the macro-structures shows that the plot struc

14、tures of the narratives investigated are manifested in surface structures by grammatical and rhetorical devices similar to those described by Longacre(1983).3.Explorations into the Functions of Language(Halliday,1974)contains what is now a well-known piece of literary stylistics,Chapter 5,entitled“L

15、inguistic function and literary style:An inquiry into the language of William Goldings The Inheritors.”Formats for Citations (Swales&Feak 2012)2.Weak author-prominent citation 4.Those who oppose linguistic relativity(Wardhaugh,1970;Greenberg,1978)see instead a similarity in languages,a universal pat

16、tern called“metalanguage”that is present in all speakers.5.The causes of poverty have been widely investigated 1-3.6.Several studies have discussed the causes of airport delays(Hyon,2004;Huang,2007;Martinez et al.,2010).Formats for Citations (Swales&Feak 2012)3.Information prominent citation 7.The c

17、auses of airport delays are complex(Hyon,2004;Huang,2007;Martinez et al.,2010).8.Lithium iron phosphate(LiFePO4),which was first introduced in 1997 20,was found to be a good choice for cathode material.9.The rise and fall of Blackberrys stock is illustrated in Fig.2 15,18.Other Strategies for Citing

18、 and Using Sources 1.Summarizing results/conclusion based on secondary sources:1.There is also a substantial amount of evidence that points to these compounds playing a role in the plant stress response(reviewed in 29),in development,and as signal molecules(reviewed in Taylor and Grotewold,2005 30).

19、-(Hernandez,2006,p.6)2.One work that deals with the problem of authorship or attribution is Yule(1938,as cited in Bailey,1969).2.Using direct quotes 3.The interesting point about the analysis,which Halliday(1966)himself makes,is that the nominal and verbal groups do not appear to function as they mo

20、st commonly do but“in a way which is found in certain restricted uses of English”(p.10).Other strategies for citing and using sources 3.Providing publication and research history of chapters when a dissertation follows a compilation-type macro-structure.The example below introduces Chapter 3 of Antj

21、e Fellers dissertation(2006,p.65).4.Part of this Chapter is published:Hernandez,J.M.,Feller,A.,Morohashi,K.,Frame,K.,and Grotewold E.(2007).The bHLH domain of maize R links transcriptional regulation and histone modifications by recruitment of an EMSY-like factor.Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.104:17222-27.Dr.He

22、rnandez performed the GST pulldown and interaction studies in yeast with truncated RIF1 and R,Dr.Morohashi performed ChIP experiments and PCRs with the ChIPed DNA and he did the micrococcal nuclease treatment.K.Frame designed the RIF1 RNAi construct and helped with the preparation of the tilling.For

23、 the non-published part,Dr.Asela Wijeratne performed the phylogenetic analyses.Guidelines for Citation Dont skimp on research.Ending up with just a couple of works to cite generally is inadequate.If you draw a considerable number of references from an article or book,dont pretend that gathering them

24、 has been your own labor.Clarify what youve borrowed with a statement like Smith(1999)provides helpful references to this literature.Better yet,do the work of gathering citations yourself.Guidelines for Citing the Ideas of OthersCite only the most appropriate and the latest literature.Cite the publi

25、shed literature.Provide citations for direct quotations and paraphrases,for ideas,and data taken from an original source.Accuracy in citation must be guaranteed.Citation format must be standardized.Be tentative in citation rather than being too assertive.Do not cite more than is necessary.Dont put a

26、“catch-all”citation at the end of a paragraph.Cite as you use.In-text CitationvThree ways of in-text citation:Both the name and date enclosed in parentheses.v E.g.v 1.Enzymes are inhibited by cyanide(Grubb,1977).2.Cyanide has been found to inhibit enzyme action(Grubb,1977;Smith,1980;Taylor,1983).3.C

27、yanide has been found to inhibit enzyme action(Jones et al.,1985).In-text Citation To make the last name of the researcher the subject or object of the sentence or clause and follow it immediately with the date of the study in parentheses.vE.g.v Because Grubb(1977)found that cyanide inhibits enzymes

28、.v v Grubb(1977)found that cyanide inhibits enzymes.In-text Citation If you wish to emphasize the date of the cited study,you can omit the parentheses by saying that:vE.g.vAs early as 1977,Grubb observed the inhibitory effect of cyanide on enzyme action.Some journals just cite the sequence of the re

29、ferences in the text in order to save space.E.g.Vibration is used to prepare uniform granular mixtures or to segregate granular composites 3,7,12,16,19Quoting too much Quoting too much is one of the commonest mistakes inexperienced writers make,as if they think its disrespectful to an original text

30、to cut it into small pieces.Footnotes Definition:Footnotes,also called“bottom notes”or “end-of-the-page notes”,mark its use by adding a number in upper case to the upper right corner of the words or sentences to be noted,and then put the note in the bottom of the page.E.g._22 Note,this is different

31、from the reference scenario referred to throughout this paper,in that it includes the impact on demand of prices generated by the ERIS model.23 And around 86%of cumulative alcohol consumption in transport.vEndnotesv Endnotes are put at the end of the article.Endnotes help readers understand and retr

32、ieve relevant documentations.It should be noted that the numbers of the endnotes must be consistent with the sequence in the article.vE.g.Notes1.Leonard Shatzkin,In Cold Type:Overcoming the Book Crisis(Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1982).2.Paul Starr,“The Electronic Reader”,in Reading in the 1980s,ed.Step

33、hen Braubard(NewYork:Bowker,1983),149.3.Shatzkin,79.4.Starr,149.Methods to Avoid Plagiarism Summarize what you have read immediately after you have read it and without referring back to the source in order to avoid copying directly from the source.When copying directly from the source or even paraph

34、rase what you have read,be sure to note the page number from which it comes.In writing,provide clear references to the sources quoted.Document all the sources quoted in the References section.Referencesv Name Definition Usage APAAmerican Psychological Association Guidelines and rules for proper gram

35、matical usage,citation formats,or paper writing from the American Psychological Association (APA).used in social science works.CMSChicago Manual of Style Guidelines and rules on proper grammatical usage,citation formats,or paper writing from either the Chicago Manual of Style or Kate L.MLAModern Lan

36、guage Association Guidelines and rules for proper grammatical usage,citation formats,or paper writing from the MLA.used in works on the liberal arts and humanities.Content of References(1)Author(2)Title and version(3)Source type(4)Publication details(5)Source of documentReferences Systems(1)Sequenti

37、al System(2)Author-Year SystemSequential System arranges the references in chronological order according to the order of the references in the paper.Author-Year System arranges the reference according to the alphabetical order of the authors last name.Publication Manual of theAmerican Psychological

38、Association5th Edition 2001Term papers,Research reports,Empirical studies,Literature reviews,Theoretical articles,andCase studiesManuscript Structure Title pageAbstract Key wordsThe textReferences Appendices IntroductionLiterature Review Method Results Discussion Author last name&year of publication

39、:(Morris,2007)Or according to Morris(2007).Or In 2007 Morris discussed.References in text includeReferences http:/www.apa.org/Common Problems in References The references are outdated.The references are listed in different styles and there is no standard guide.Some references are not from profession

40、al journals and they are not of great value.The references are not consistent with the in-text citation.The on-line references are not documented clearly.English references are more than Chinese references or vice versa.Cautionsv l All sources cited in the text must be documented in the References s

41、ection.v l No other reference is listed in the References section unless it was cited in the text.v l Write as much information as necessary.v l Adapt the method of documentation to new needs.v Resources APA Workshop Video Deterring Plagiarism:Some Strategies by Margaret Procter,University of Toront

42、o Coordinator,Writing Support Plagiarism Prevention,From the Elton S.Karrmann Library at the University of Wisconsin-Platteville Note-Taking Rubric for Engineering Research Papers(v1.2)by Bill Griswold THE READERS NOTEBOOK,by Rebecca Faery,21W.735:01,Writing and Reading the Essay,Fall 2005 Sample Ci

43、tations and Documentation Flanagan,S.R.(2016).Language Orientation and Student Success in Online Learning Environments:A Case Study.MA dissertation,Arizona State University.Lawrence,G.P.J(2000).Teacher Belief Systems-Towards computer-mediated language learning:College ESL instruction.MA thesis,Unive

44、rsity of Toronto.Hayes,K.M.(2010).A case study of Chinese university English as a foreign language(EFL)students attitudes toward learning technologies.PhD dissertation(Ed.D.),Northern Illinois University.Assignment 1.Citation Evaluation:Read the following excerpts from dissertations and evaluate how

45、 well the writer used citations.1.There are studies and investigations of the characteristics of Singapore English,Nigerian English,Indian English,and Filipino English and Philippine English of the mass media(Strevens,1977;Llamzon,1969;Gonzalez&Alberca,1978;Platt,1975;Kachru,1969,1983).2.Conclusions

46、 from many of the studies are not definite,weakening the arguments for contrastive schema(Carreon,1986).Assignment 2.Stance Evaluation:Read the examples below and describe the dissertation writers stance or attitude toward the literature cited.Is it a neutral,positive,or negative stance?What words o

47、r expressions are used to express the writers stance?1.There is also a substantial amount of evidence that points to these compounds playing a role in the plant stress response(reviewed in 29),in development,and as signal molecules(reviewed in Taylor and Grotewold,2005 30).-(Hernandez,2006,p.6)2.One

48、 work that deals with the problem of authorship or attribution is Yule(1938,as cited in Bailey,1969).3.The interesting point about the analysis,which Halliday(1966)himself makes,is that the nominal and verbal groups do not appear to function as they most commonly do but“in a way which is found in ce

49、rtain restricted uses of English”(p.10).Assignment 3.Documentation Exercise:Please document all the references in the list given below by observing the APA Style,6th edition.Bibliographies-review.doc1.What Is a Masterpiece?is a book written by Kenneth Clark which was published in 1979 by Thames in L

50、ondon.2.U.C.Jones and G.B.Tennyson edited a book called Nature and the Victorian Imagination.It was published by the University of California Press in Berkeley in 1977.3.I read an article in the 1980 edition of the Encyclopedia Americana called Mandarin.4.I found an interesting article online at .br