《经济学专业英语教程（第四版 下）》课件Unit 1.ppt

1、1.Framework 2.Contents14 units,and each unit includes one text and one additional textUnits 1-7 concern macroeconomics and economic management,and Units 8-14 concern international trade and world economyUnit 1Text:Income and Work（收入和工作）Additional Text:Income Distribution and Poverty（收入分配与贫困）Unit 2 T

2、ext:Population（人口）Additional Text:The Consequences of High Fertility:Some Conflicting Opinions（高出生率的影响：一些冲突的观点）Unit 3 Text:Human Resources Management（人力资源管理）Additional Text:The Extensive Brain Drain（广泛的人才流失）Unit 4Text:Environmental Protection（环境保护）Additional Text:Methods of Pollution Control（污染控制的方法

3、）Unit 5 Text:Investments（投资）Additional Text:The Major Types of Investors（投资的主要形式）Unit 6 Text:Insurance（保险）Additional Text:Types of Insurance Businesses Need（保险业务需求的类型）Unit 7 Text:Marketing（市场营销）Additional Text:Marketing Strategies（营销战略）Unit 8 Text:International Trade（国际贸易）Additional Text:National Co

4、mpetitive Advantage and Diamond Model（国家竞争优势与钻石模型）Unit 9 Text:WTO（世界贸易组织）Additional Text:GATT and Multilateral Trade Negotiations（关税及贸易总协定和多边贸易谈判）Unit 10Text:Nontariff Barriers（非关税壁垒）Additional Text:Dumping and Antidumping（倾销与反倾销）Unit 11Text:Multinational Corporations（跨国公司）Additional Text:Foreign Di

5、rect Investment and Multinational Enterprises（外国直接投资与跨国企业）Unit 12Text:Foreign Aid（外国援助）Additional Text:The World Bank Group and the International Monetary Fund（世界银行与国际货币基金组织）Unit 13Text:Economic Globalization（经济全球化）Additional Text:Regional Economic Integration（区域经济一体化）Unit 14Text:The European Union（

6、欧洲联盟）Additional Text:The Broad Economic Guidelines of the EU（欧盟经济指南）Unit 1Text:Income and Work（收入和工作）1.Key words2.Definition of income3.Factors for occupation choice4.Composition of income5.Wage and occupation6.Wage and productivity7.Questionsskilled peoplehigher paid occupationprofessional training

7、payment in kindrent-free accommodationfactor incomephysical and mental worktransfer incomeunemployment benefitsTransfer paymentownership of propertyprevious generationsspecialized skillstrade uniontertiary industrypossession of assets income sizeIncome is a reward for producing goods or providing se

8、rvices that are wanted.It is the price of the workers services.In many occupations,the income received depends on the training,skills and experience of the individual worker,but it can also depend on the demand for the type of work and its supply.3.1 Education and training3.2 Encouragement by the go

9、vernment3.3 Ability3.4 Demand and supply of occupationWhile the market system operates the same way with the price of labor(income)as with the prices of commodities,it does operate in favor of those people who find it possible to acquire the necessary training and skills to equip them for the better

10、 paid jobs.The market system,operating alone and working purely on the demand and supply of labor,does not provide equal opportunities for rising to higher income levels.There must be positive encouragement by the government to create greater equality of opportunity because it will not be provided b

11、y anyone else.The professions require certain aptitudes and abilities which are not possessed by everyone.some professional people are more skilled at their work than others and command higher payment for their services.When entry to an occupation needs special capabilities or long periods of traini

12、ng there is usually a scarcity of these workers,and consequently a higher income.But if the demand for this type of worker declines because of overcrowding in the profession,not all would be able to command the highest awards.4.1 Factor income4.2 Transfer income4.3 Income from ownership of propertyI

13、ncome which is received in return for working is known as factor income because it is payment to an owner of a productive factor,i.e.labor.What a worker receives may be called a wage or a salary.Income from labor comes from personal exertion,which can include both physical and mental work.Some peopl

14、e are unable to earn an income because of age,sickness,or some other reason,and do not possess sufficient property to receive income from it.These people need some form of income and this is paid by the government in the form of pensions or other allowances such as unemployment benefits.This type of

15、 payment is called a transfer payment and the income is called a transfer income because it is transferred to the receiver from another section of the community,and does not involve work or the production of goods and services.Rent Some receive rent in return for allowing other people to use their l

16、and or to live in a house they own.Dividend Others receive interest on money lent to a company,and such income is called dividends.InterestThey may put their money into fixed bank deposits and receive interest on it because the bank is using their money.It is the theory of the free market that if th

17、e demand for one occupation rises while another declines,workers will move out of the latter and into the former.But in reality it does not work like that because of the need for specialized skills.Workers cannot easily change their occupations in response to demand for a type of work or changes in

18、wages.It is also difficult to enter some occupations because trade unions or professional associations restrict entry to safeguard the interests of the existing members.6.1 Wage rise and productivity rise6.2 Problems of measuring the productivityWage rises should be given only when there has been a

19、rise in productivity in the industry.A wage rise naturally leads to increased costs to the employers.They can do one of two things:they can sell their goods at the same price and suffer the increased costs(wages)in producing them,thereby accepting lower profits;or they can pass on the added costs as

20、 increases in the prices of their products to the public.In the service or tertiary industries there are no actual goods produced and the value of the services is difficult to assess.The productivity of teachers,doctors,lawyers,and other workers in the service industries is difficult to assess,parti

21、cularly as there are great differences in the skill and work performance of people doing similar jobs.(1)Explain why some people receive higher incomes than others.(2)Why is income regarded as a price?(3)What is the difference between factor income and transfer income?(4)Should productivity be related to wage levels?(5)Are there problems involved in measuring productivity?Give examples.